Coğrafya Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14034/24

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Çorlu (Tekirdağ) hava kirliliğinden etkileniyor mu?
(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2018) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Tağıl, Şermin; Fıçıcı, Merve
Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ ilinin nüfus artış hızı en değişken olan ilçelerinden Çorlu’nun inorganik ve organik hava kirliliği haritaları çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmalar Ağustos 2015 ve Şubat 2016 aylarında yaz ve kış dönemlerinde 2 periyotta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kirleticilere ait konsantrasyonlar pasif örnekleme metodu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Kirleticilerin mekânsal modellenmesinde ise Ters Ağırlıklı Ortalama (Inverse Distance Weighted-IDW) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca ilçe yarı kentsel, yerleşim, yol, sanayi bölgeleri olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Böylelikle, kirletici konsantrasyonlarının kent içi bölgesel farklılıkları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre; Çorlu ilçesinde yaz aylarında organik kirletici konsantrasyonlarının kirlilik haritalarında daha yüksek seviyelerde olduğu dikkat çekmiştir. SO2’nin her iki dönemde de kümelenmeler şeklinde gözlendiği NO2 ve O3’un ise dağılım gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. O3’un yarı kentsel bölgelerde, NO2’nin ise yol olarak kategorize edilen bölgelerde daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda olduğu görülmüştür.
Coğrafi bilgi ve yönetim sistemleri
(İktisadi Kalkınma ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Derneği, 2021) Sünbül, Fatih
Enformasyon teknolojilerindeki ilerlemeler sayesinde, bilgisayar ve internet veri fonksiyonlarının daha hızlı ve etkin hale gelmesi ile birlikte, veriler belirli veri tabanlarında, sözel, grafiksel ve sayısal olarak saklanabilmekte ve transfer edilebilmektedir. Bu hacimli verinin anlamlandırılabilmesi ve dolayısıyla karar vericiler önüne anlamlı bir şekilde sunularak, karar sistemlerinin insanlığın yararı doğrultusunda kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bu noktada işletme, ekonomi, istatistik, bilgi sistemleri, coğrafya, haritacılık, bulanık mantık, makine öğrenmesi gibi birçok disiplinler ortak platformlarda becerilerini göstererek, kullanıcılar tarafından doğru kararlar alınmasını sağlamaktadırlar. Literatürde bu karmaşık bilgi sistemleri belli bir sistematik üzerinde analiz edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bilgi ve yönetim sistemlerine ait kavramlar için tanımlar ele alınmış, yönetim ve karar verme fonksiyonları kavramları Yönetim Bilgi Sistemleri (YBS) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) başlıkları altında incelenmiştir
Impacts of soil temperature on apricot productivity in Malatya, Turkey: A longitudinal analysis using inverse distance weighting
(Uğur ÇAKILCIOĞLU, 2024) Altıngöller, Melike; Karakurt, Melisa; Şengün, M. Taner; Karadeniz, Enes; Sünbül, Fatih
This longitudinal study analyzes the impact of soil temperature on apricot productivity in Malatya, Turkey, from 2004 to 2022. Utilizing Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to correlate detailed soil temperature maps with apricot yield and production data, we identify significant temperature-dependent variations in apricot yields. Our findings reveal that optimal soil temperature management is crucial for maximizing apricot productivity, as deviations from ideal soil temperatures correlate strongly with yield fluctuations. Specifically, periods of increased soil temperatures generally correspond with higher productivity, highlighting the delicate balance required for optimal apricot cultivation. This research underscores the importance of integrating climate considerations into agricultural planning and offers valuable insights for developing adaptive strategies to enhance apricot production in the face of global climate variability. By mapping the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil temperature and its impact on apricot yield, this study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable agricultural practices and the economic resilience of the apricot sector in Malatya.
Güzelhisar Havzasında endüstriyel gelişmenin arazi kullanımı ve arazi örtüsü özellikleri üzerindeki etkisinin bulut tabanlı makine öğrenme teknikleri ile değerlendirilmesi
(Ege Üniversitesi, 2023) Danacıoğlu, Şevki; Öngül, Hüseyin Can
Endüstriyel faaliyetin varlığı, kentsel büyümenin ana itici gücüdür ve istihdam fırsatları yaratarak bölgenin sosyoekonomik durumunu etkilemektedir. Arazi Örtüsü ve Arazi Kullanımı (AÖAK), ekolojik koşullar, jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik özellikler, bitki örtüsü özellikleri gibi biyotik ve abiyotik faktörler ile sosyoekonomik yapı tarafından etkilenmektedir. AÖAK değişimlerini, bunların yoğunluğunu, değişim yönünü, etkenlerini ve izlemek, sürdürülebilir kalkınma planlaması için önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Uzaktan Algılama (UA), bölgesel ve küresel AÖAK bilgisi elde etmek için en ekonomik ve uygulanabilir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilmektedir.. Çalışmanın amacı Güzelhisar Havzasında sanayi faaliyetlerinin AÖAK durumu üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu bağlamda uydu görüntüleri kullanarak makine öğrenme algoritması ile 1995-2022 yıllarına ait AÖAK durumu tespit edilmiştir. Sınıflandırmada AÖAK sınıfları ‘Su Yüzeyi’, ‘Orman Alanı’, ‘Tarım Alanı’, ‘Açık Yüzey’ ve ‘Beşeri Yüzey’ olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada 30 m çözünürlüğü ile LANDSAT uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Normalize Edilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI), Toprakla Düzeltilmiş Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (SAVI), Normalize Edilmiş Fark Su İndeksi (NDWI), Normalize Edilmiş Açık Yüzey İndeksi (NBLI), Çıplak Toprak İndeksi (BSI), Normalize Edilmiş Fark Yerleşim Alanı İndeksi (NDBI) indeksleri 1995 ve 2022 yılları için hesaplanarak doğruluğu artırmak amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırmasında Rastgele Orman (RF) makine öğrenme algoritması tercih edilmiştir. Görüntülerin elde edilmesinde ve sınıflandırma işlemlerinde Google Earth Engine (GEE) platformu kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma doğruluğu hata matrisi, kullanıcı doğruluğu, üretici doğruluğu, genel doğruluk ve Kappa Katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırma sahasında beşeri yüzeylerde önemli miktarda artış meydana gelirken, tarım alanlarında ve açık yüzeylerde azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Beşerî yüzeylerdeki artış miktarı dikkate alındığında bölgede sanayi faaliyetlerine bağlı istihdam potansiyelinin kentleşme üzerindeki etkisini göstermektedir. Araştırma kapsamında GEE platformunun yetenekleri, makine öğrenmesine dayalı sınıflandırma algoritması, sınıflandırma süreçleri ve elde edilen bulguların değerlendirilmesine kadar olan tüm süreç performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu açıdan çalışmanın tüm sonuçları, gelecekte yapılacak çalışmaların geliştirilmesi, ayrıca UA ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri araştırmalarında açık veri kaynaklarının ve bulut tabanlı platformların yaygınlaşması açısından önem arz etmektedir.
Return from the Balkans: Muslim migration from the former Yugoslavia region to Anatolia
(Hidayet KARA, 2022) Aşık, Süleyman; Tepealtı, Fahrettin
The land losses of the Ottoman Empire that began in the 19th century, caused a significant fragment of the Muslim population to remain in the regions withdrawn. This situation reduced the position of the Muslims that had been ruling Balkans for centuries (though the Christian population outnumbered them) from “governing ” to “managed minority”, leading to a migration process out of the region due to problems emerging in all areas. Without a doubt, one of the areas where this occurrence was experienced most dramatically was the former Yugoslavia region, the very heart of the Balkans. The migration of the Turkish, Bosnian and Albanian populations was naturally in the direction of Anatolia, and wars, conflicts and crises caused these relocations to continue throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result of these migration waves, whose density changed depending on the conditions of the period, a significant amount of "immigrant population" accumulated in Turkey. In this study, the Muslim migrations to Anatolia from the former Yugoslavia region that took place in the mentioned time period, are examined in periods.
Nüfus ve Yerleşme Perspektifinde Menemen’de Arazi Dağılışı ve Tarımsal Üretim
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2022) Tepealtı, Fahrettin
Bu çalışmada, İzmir’in Menemen ilçesinde giderek artan nüfus ve yerleşmeler ile bölgedeki arazi dağılışı ve tarımsal üretim faaliyetleri arasındaki ilişkinin gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla Menemen ilçesinin tarım ve yerleşim alanları, araştırmanın ana materyalini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, literatür taramasının yanında Menemen’in nüfus ve yerleşme özelliklerini belirtmek amacıyla güncel Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) verileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sahasının fiziki yapısını göstermek için hazırlanan haritalar ArcGIS 10.5 yazılımı kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Menemen’in arazi sınıflandırması ve bu alanda yaşanan değişimlerse CORINE sistemine göre yapılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler, Menemen’e yönelik göç kaynaklı nüfus artışına bağlı olarak yapay alan ihtiyacının da sürekli olarak arttığını göstermektedir. Bu durum, tarım alanları üzerinde bir baskı oluşturmakta ve ilçedeki arazi dağılımı üzerinde değişime neden olmaktadır. Söz konusu sürecin bir neticesi olarak 1990-2018 arası dönemde ilçedeki tarım alanlarının daraldığı, yapay alanlarınsa genişlediği belirlenmiş ve mevcut baskının tarım alanları aleyhine süreceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Spatio-temporal analysis of relationship between artificial light pollution and bird observations in Turkey: a geostatistical approach
(Marmara University, 2024) Öngül, Hüseyin Can; Danacıoğlu, Şevki
Light pollution constitutes an environmental risk arising from the excessive and intense scattering of artificial light sources within a specific geographical area. This environmental pollution has substantial impacts on diverse species. Specifically, it interferes with behaviors such as feeding, migration, and reproduction in avian populations. In recent years, nocturnal light images acquired through remote sensing have been extensively employed for the detection of artificial light pollution. The aim of this research is to investigate the temporal and spatial correlation between artificial light pollution and avian observations in Turkey. Nighttime light images obtained from DMSP and VIIRS satellites between 2000 and 2022, along with the eBird database, the world’s largest citizen science project related to biodiversity, were utilized. In this context, a Space Time Cube data model was created for the temporal and spatial evaluation of observation points. The Emerging Hot Spot and Getis-Ord General G analyses were applied to test the statistical significance of the spatial distribution using the obtained data structure. Consequently, the relationship between the observed changes in pixel-scale nighttime light reflection values and observation points was assessed spatially and temporally. The results indicated a correlation between the numbers of observed avian species and areas with high artificial light changes.
Sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile depreme bağlı heyelan tehlike modelleme
(Beykent Üniversitesi, 2020) Sünbül, Fatih; Sunbul, Ayse Bengu
Heyelanlar yerçekimi doğrultusunda toprak, kaya ve organik malzemelerin hareketinden kaynaklı çok karmaşık jeomorfolojik olaylardır. Sayısal modeller, bu jeomorfolojik davranışların ve onların çevre ile etkileşimlerini tahmin etmek etmeye yarayan matematiksel tanımları ifade etmektedir. Sonlu elemanlar yönteminde sayısal model yaklaşımları kullanılarak çok karmaşık fiziksel denklemler basit olarak simüle edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Zonguldak ili, Kozlu İlçesinde heyelan potansiyeli oluşturabilecek bir alan, sayısal olarak modellenerek statik ve dinamik yük altında nasıl bir davranış gerçekleştireceği sonlu elemanlar yöntemi yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Statik analizlerde çalışma alanında yapılan sondaj verilerinden faydalanılarak, gerçeğe uygun zemin parametreleri modele yansıtılmıştır. Buna göre şevin kararlı durumunda çevrede var olan bina yükleri göz ardı edildiğinde, model heyelanın akma bölgesinde maksimum yer değiştirmeler 30 cm olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, bölgenin depremselliğine uygun olarak seçilen Mw 7.1 Düzce depremi ivme kaydı modelde kullanılarak, potansiyel heyelan bölgesinin dinamik davranışı incelenmiştir. Dinamik analizlerde, kararlı durum değişerek, çalışma alanında depreme bağlı göçme ve yer değiştirme hareketleri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre en büyük düşey ve yatay yer değiştirmeler 40-50 cm civarında topuk kısmında elde edilmiştir. Deprem anında zayıf zeminin ve ortalama 20° eğimin etkisiyle, zeminde jeomorfolojik deformasyonlar meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Tüm analizler değerlendirildiğine, olası bir deprem anında çalışma bölgesinde var olan yerleşim yerlerinde can ve mal kayıplarının yaşanmaması için, bölgede afet tehlikesi azaltma yöntemlerinin uygulanması gerekliliği tespit edilmiştir.
Time series clustering of sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine system
(Wiley, 2024) Tağıl, Şermin; Danacıoğlu, Şevki; Yurtseven, Nami
Sea surface temperature (SST) is a significant climatic variable that affects the climate of the Earth. Monitoring a location's SST pattern is useful for several research areas, including weather forecasting and climate change. In this study, the emerging hot spot and cold spot patterns of SST in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine System (MBMS) were examined, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal changes of SST in the sub-basins were analysed, and future predictions were made. A distinctive aspect of the research lies in the introduction of novel techniques, specifically the application of space time cube and evolving hot spot analysis, for visualising and evaluating SST in the MBMS. This approach sets the study apart by pioneering the utilisation of these methods in this particular context. In the examined region, SST demonstrates a decreasing trend from east to west and from south to north. The forecast suggests that this spatial distribution pattern will persist in 2033, further accentuated by the intensification of the warming effect. Nine different time series clusters are defined within this distribution pattern. Although it changes seasonally, the prevailing statistically significant hot spots in the study area are primarily characterised by new hot spots, intensifying hot spots, sporadic hot spots and oscillating hot spots. The trends of hot and cold spot clusters, along with SST values, were assessed for all sub-basins in the MBMS. Conversely, the observed clustering category among statistically significant cold spots is identified as persistent cold spots, diminishing cold spots, sporadic cold spots, oscillating cold spots and historical cold spots. The spatiotemporal analysis in this research has provided notable insights, offering a spatial context to the previously explored temporal trends of SST in the MBMS.
Hydrogeochemical and rare earth element properties of geothermal waters and the use of abandoned oil wells in Diyarbakır
(Springer, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
T & uuml;rkiye is one of the most tectonically active regions in the world. Diyarbak & imath;r, which was chosen as the study area, is located in the south-eastern Anatolian region of T & uuml;rkiye and also in the south of the Bitlis-Zagros Suture Zone (BZSZ). Some of the geothermal resources in Diyarbak & imath;r are actively exploited. The temperature of & Ccedil;ermik geothermal waters was recorded at 40-51 degrees C by MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration) between 2010 and 2014. However, subsequent measurements conducted following the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquake (Mw: 7.7 on 6 February 2023) revealed that the surface temperature of geothermal fluids had increased to between 52 and 56 degrees C. Previous studies have indicated that there are also many abandoned oil wells in the region where the wellhead temperatures are around 107 degrees C. As a result of hydrogeochemical analyses, deep circulating geothermal waters such as & Ccedil;ermik have Na-HCO3 composition, while shallow circulating and mixed cold surface waters such as & Ccedil;& imath;nar, Bismil and Sur have Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 composition. According to the chalcedony geothermometer results, the reservoir temperatures in the study area vary between 90 degrees C and 173 degrees C. REY (Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium) results show that geothermal fluids in the study area have negative cerium (Ce), europium (Eu) and yttrium (Y) anomalies. The negative Ce anomaly indicates that the colder aquifers are close to oxygen-rich surface waters and thermal fluids interact with Karacada & gbreve; volcanic rocks. Eu anomalies in groundwater are controlled by preferential mobilisation of Eu2+ during water-rock interaction compared to Eu3+, and negative Eu anomalies indicate leakage of geothermal fluids from granites. The Y/Ho values of the thermal fluids in the study area are between 30 and 40. This value is due to the active contribution of fluorine during the mobilisation of REY as a fluoride or fluorocarbonate ligand complex, causing Y to behave as a heavy pseudolanthanide. delta 18O and delta 2H isotope values show that the geothermal waters in the study area are of meteoric origin. The obtained results reveal that Diyarbakir province has a geothermal potential and usage potential can be increased by using the abandoned oil wells.
Morphotectonic development of dolines on Mt. Bozdag (Karaburun Peninsula)
(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
This study investigated the morphometric and morphogenetic characteristics of dolines in the Bozda & gbreve; Massif, located in the north of Karaburun Peninsula. Dissolution dolines are one of the characteristic surface features of mid-latitude high karst plateaus, and doline morphometry is one of the methods commonly used to study the morphotectonic evolution characteristics of karst plateaus. In this study, an automatic extraction technique was used with a high-resolution digital elevation model to determine the areal distribution, density and morphometric characteristics of dolines. After the dolines were identified, several morphometric parameters such as area, perimeter, circularity index, length, width and elongation rates were calculated. According to the analyses and results obtained, a total of 564 dolines were detected in the area, with a maximum density of 74 dolines/km 2 . All the dolines, with an average elevation of 1,080 metres, are located on limestone from the Camibo & gbreve;az & imath; Formation. The dolines extend in roughly NW-SE direction, parallel to lineaments in the area, which formed in relation to tectonic processes that started with palaeotectonic evolution and influenced the Karaburun platform in the Izmir-Ankara zone during the Cretaceous period.
Occupation period of Menemen (1919-1922): A review supported by geographical information
(E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2024) Tepealtı, Fahrettin; Aşık, Süleyman; Karakaya, Emre
The 7th article of the Armistice of Mudros which has been signed due to Ottoman Empires lose World War I, gave Entente Powers the right of occupation of Ottoman territory. Greece, owing to that article, landed its army in Izmir on May 15, 1919, and started a brutal occupation. Menemen, a district of Izmir, exposed to that brutal, gory occupy on 22nd May. During the occupation of Menemen, Turkish-Muslim folk witnessed numerous grievous events and attacked by both Greek army and their local collaborators. Undoubtedly, the bloodiest one, called Bloody Tuesday on the other words Menemen Katliam & imath; (Massacre of Menemen), happened on June 17, 1919. This kind of savagery events has been occurring more than twelve hundred days throughout occupy. Because of their defeat of the Turkish War of Independence, the Greek army, escape and left Izmir completely as of September 9th. With the introduction of digital technologies into all areas of life, like the other branches of social sciences, historiography was undoubtedly affected by this process and took new research methodologies to the field. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) stand out as a prominent digital technological method. Realizing the potential of GIS, some historians have started to use these systems in historical researches. As a result, Historical GIS, a rapidly developing and new research area, has emerged. This interdisciplinary project, which examines the occupation period of Menemen, has been prepared to contribute to field. The goal of this study is to contribute methodologically to fields of history and historical geography by describing what happened during the occupation of Menemen (1919-1922) and mapping it using GIS.
Current status and potentials of enhanced geothermal system in the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt, Turkey
(Diponegoro Univ, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
The radioactive decay of isotopes is one of the most important sources of heat in the Earth's interior. The main radiogenic elements in the crust are U, Th, and K in granitoids. Radiogenic granites are becoming increasingly important as they support the development of the renewable energy sector. This study provides an in-depth review of the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) technology. Many countries, such as France and the UK, have initiated and contributed to energy production using EGS technology. In addition, this study calculates the potential production capacity of radiogenic granites in the Eastern Pontide Oraganic Belt (EPOB) and assesses their significant contribution to the Turkish economy in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The total area of radiogenic granites within the EBOP is 7116.35 km 2 and these granites contain average concentrations of U 3.25 ppm, Th 16.44 ppm, and K 3.7%. The plutons studied can generally be classified as medium to low heat producing granitoids. Ayeser, Camibo & gbreve;az & imath;, and Ayder (3.36-6.98 mu W/m 3 ), which are close to the average heat production value of the continental crust (5 mu W/m 3 ), may be suitable areas for EGS. Currently, EBOP granites have the capacity to produce 61 x 109 kWh of electricity. In addition to electricity, heat from granites can be used for other applications such as space heating and greenhouse cultivation.
GEOGRAPHICAL IGNORANCE: THE VITAL ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE FOR DECISION-MAKERS
(Polish Geographical Society, 2024) Tağıl, Şermin; Arslan, Huseyin Mert
The ongoing environmental, social, and cultural problems in today’s world indicate that geographic knowledge (GK) is not given sufficient importance by decision-makers. On the other hand, decision-makers, when making crucial decisions that impact competitiveness, economic well-being, and environmental stability, face significant risks and potential costs due to gaps in GK and a lack of awareness. In this context, this article presents a theoretical investigation that underscores how GK can assist decision-makers in achieving success in their decisions. We characterize GK with a mindset emphasizing the complex spatial system connections and the significant role of space in decision-making processes. The article discusses this topic at the local-regional, national, and international scales. As a result, we argue that addressing the knowledge gaps of decision-makers is impactful in enhancing their capacity to understand the mutual relationships among environmental dynamics at various scales and enables the synthesis of economic, political, social, and cultural mechanisms within human society. Considering the support of theory for empirical studies, we hope that this study will also support empirical research related to planning. Overcoming challenges requires a holistic approach that not only equips decision-makers with GK but also enables its effective implementation throughout the planning process. © 2024 Polish Geographical Society. All rights reserved.
Observed and projected geographical and temporal changes in the Köppen-Geiger climate types in Türkiye
(Springer, 2025) Türkeş, Murat; Yurtseven, Nami
This study aimed at comparing the geographical and climatological changes in the spatial distributions and average elevations of Türkiye’s recent past (1961 − 1990) present (1991 − 2020) and projected future climate types in detail via the Köppen-Geiger (K-G) classification. The future K-G climate types were examined for the periods of 2041–2070 and 2071–2099 based on low (SSP1 − 2.6), medium (SSP2-4.5), and very high (SSP5-8.5) Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. From 1961 − 1990 to 1991 − 2020, the mid-latitude semi-arid steppe (BSk), subtropical semi-arid steppe (BSh), and dry summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates expanded from 21.9% to 24.2%, 0.1% to 0.4%, and 28.9% to 31.8%, respectively. Conversely, the dry and warm summer cold (Dsb) climate decreased from 24% to 19.3%. Future projections, especially those under high emissions, reveal significant changes in the Dsb and Dfb (cold and humid with warm summer) climates. The main cold climate is expected to change toward drier and warmer cold climates. The current expansion of semi-arid steppe and Mediterranean climates and the contraction of the Dsb climate type can be seen as early indicators of the significant changes foreseen in future periods. As well, average elevations of climatic types will increase in both two future periods and two scenarios, especially in the very high scenarios. For example, under the very high scenario for the period of 2041 − 2070, the average elevations of the Cs, Cf, Ds, Df, and ET climates will increase by approximately 120 m, 220 m, 185 m, 290 m, and 1040 m, respectively. These results also show that the elevations and thicknesses of orographic-climatic vegetation layers may change; for example, the forest upper limit may be approximately 120–220 m higher in the future than in the present, for example, in humid temperate Black Sea forests. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Lithium: An energy transition element, its role in the future energy demand and carbon emissions mitigation strategy
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Chandrasekharam D.; Şener, Mehmet Furkan; Recepoğlu Y.K.; Isık T.; Demir M.M.; Baba A.
Energy transition elements (Li, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu) are gaining importance due to their ability to provide energy and play an important role as primary energy sources. Because of the energy density and power density, Li-ion batteries have the edge over other batteries. Li is distributed in various rock-forming minerals and brines, and geothermal waters. Though lithium-bearing minerals are spread over a broad geographic region, these minerals are confined to certain countries with substantial economic potential. Li is extensively used in batteries, and battery-driven vehicles are growing exponentially to meet the carbon reduction goal of the Paris agreement in 2015 and signed by more than 50 percent of the countries. Nearly 55 million cars supported by Li batteries are expected to roll out by 2030. While this is the demand, its occurrence and concentration/extraction processes are not keeping pace with this demand. The extraction of Li from its ore is an energy-intensive process involving many fossil fuel-based energies. To recover one ton of Li metal, nearly 5 to 6 tons of CO2 is emitted. The CO2 emissions of 28 kWh LFP, NMC, and LMO batteries vary from 5600 to 2705 kg CO2-eq. The end-of-life emissions of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle are 400 kg CO2/vehicle, while Li Battery supports 500 kg/vehicle. The quantity of Li required for a 24 kWh average capacity leaf battery is about 137 g/kWh. While emissions are associated with the manufacturing of the batteries, emissions are also associated with a way that while they are recharged as the recharging source is fossil fuel-based energy. The best option to meet zero net carbon emissions by 2050, as envisaged by International Energy Agency (IEA), is to recover Li from geothermal brines and use geothermal energy for recharging. While hydrothermal energy sources are site-specific, enhanced geothermal system (EGS) based geothermal energy is not site-specific and is found wherever high radiogenic granites are available. High radiogenic granites are widely distributed, and heat recovered from EGS sources can provide clean energy and heat. Extraction of lithium from geothermal waters and using geothermal energy for recharging the batteries will drastically reduce CO2 emissions. It will drive the world towards Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario in the future. This is being practiced in Turkey. Future research should develop technology to recover Li from geothermal fluids with low concentration and support EGS development. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Kıta sahanlığı: Teori ve uygulama boyutu bağlamında bir değerlendirme
(2022) Tepealtı, Fahrettin
Coğrafi bir kavram olan kıta sahanlığı, devletlerin denizel alanlardaki doğal kaynaklara ulaşma imkânı ve isteğinin artmasına bağlı olarak 1900’lü yılların başından itibaren uluslararası boyutta gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. İlerleyen dönemde ise kıta sahanlığı sınırlandırmasının devletler arasında yeni bir rekabet alanına dönüşmesi, uluslararası düzenlemelerin yapılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. 1945 Truman Bildirisi, 1958 Cenevre Sözleşmesi ve 1982 Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (BMDHS), bu ihtiyacın gereği olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada kıta sahanlığı kavramı teori ve uygulama boyutları açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın teori boyutunda yukarıda sözü edilen uluslararası düzenlemeler ele alınmış, uygulama boyutunda ise Birleşmiş Milletlerin başlıca adli organı statüsündeki Uluslararası Adalet Divanının kıta sahanlığı kaynaklı anlaşmazlıkları değerlendirirken dikkate aldığı kriterlerin yorumlanma biçimlerine yer verilmiştir.
Investigating time dependent stress changes globally following large arthquakes (M≥7)
(2021) Sünbül, Fatih
Triggered earthquakes can cause disproportionate damages depend on their magnitudes. In fact, there is a causal link between the spatial distribution of those events and the stress changes induced by the mainshock. Co-seismic stress loading is one of the key factors in determination of triggering mechanism. However, the time lags ranging hours to years and the stress diffusion over wider areas cannot be evaluated with the co-seismic process alone. In some cases, the stress interactions for long periods and larger areas can be attributed to post-seismic viscoelastic relaxations. In this study, M?7 earthquakes from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GMCT) catalogue are modelled as dislocations to calculate shear stress changes on following earthquake nodal planes near enough to be triggered. The catalogue scanned for all other events (4.5
Spaces of social reproduction, mobility, and the Syrian refugee care crisis in Izmir, Turkey
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Acara, Eda; Özdemir, Sevim
This article explores how European border management policies, together with Turkey's stratified citizenship system for Syrian refugees and Turkish nationalism, shape the urban daily lives of Syrian women refugees in Izmir, Turkey. In 2019 we conducted in-depth interviews and a mapping exercise with 20 Syrian refugee women in Izmir to explore how their urban mobility patterns and struggles to access spaces of social reproduction shape gendered and racialized relations within the city of Izmir. Most Syrian refugees live in extreme poverty and their encounters with public spaces in Izmir are shaped by a stratified citizenship system. Together with the profitability of the exploitation of immigrant labor, this system's neoliberal and patriarchal peculiarities place social reproduction duties on women's shoulders. Women's reproductive and care-giving responsibilities constitute the core of their relationship with the city and their cartographies of urban mobility. Turkey's ambiguous temporary protection regime combined with racialized nationalism produce gendered interior borders which shape Syrian women's their mobility and access to spaces of social reproduction, such as parks and hospitals, in the city of Izmir.
Landscape ecological evaluation of cultural patterns for the Istanbul urban landscape
(Mdpi, 2022) Aksu, Gül Aslı; Tağıl, Şermin; Musaoğlu, Nebiye; Canatanoğlu, Emel Seyrek; Uzun, Adnan
With the widespread population growth in cities, anthropogenic influences inevitably lead to natural disturbances. The metropolitan area of Istanbul, with its rapid urbanization rate, has faced intense pressure regarding the sustainability of urban habitats. In this context, landscapes comprising patches affected by various disturbances and undergoing temporal changes must be analyzed, in order to assess city-related disturbances. In this study, the main objective was to understand how urbanization changed the function of the spatial distribution of the urban mosaic and, more specifically, its relationship with the size, shape, and connection among land-use classes. For this purpose, we took Besiktas, a district of Istanbul, as the study area. We evaluated the landscape pattern of the urban environment in two stages. First, we used medium-resolution satellite imagery to reveal the general interactions in the urbanization process. Landscape- and class-level landscape metrics were selected to quantify the landscape connectivity, and the distances between classes (green areas and artificial surfaces), patterns, and processes, using five satellite images representing a time span of 51 years (1963, 1984, 1997, 2005, and 2014). The general landscape structure was examined by looking at the temporal-spatial processes of artificial surface and green areas obtained from these medium-resolution satellite images. The trends in selected landscape-level metrics were specified and discussed through the use of a moving window analysis. We then used Pleiades high-resolution satellite imagery (2015) to analyze the landscape structure in more detail. This high-resolution base image allows us to recognize the possibility of classifying basic cultural landscape classes. The findings regarding the spatial arrangement of each class in the areas allocated to 14 cultural landscape classes were interpreted by associating them with the landscape functions. Finally, particulate matter (PM10) concentration data were collected and evaluated as an ecological indicator, in order to reveal the relationships between landscape structure and landscape function. In short, we first evaluated the whole landscape structure using medium-resolution data, followed by the classification of cultural landscapes using high-resolution satellite imagery, providing a time-effective-and, therefore, essential-auxiliary method for landscape evaluation. This two-stage evaluation method enables inferences to be made that can shed light on the landscape functions in an urban environment based on the landscape structure.

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