Coğrafya Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14034/24

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Time series clustering of sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine system
(Wiley, 2024) Tağıl, Şermin; Danacıoğlu, Şevki; Yurtseven, Nami
Sea surface temperature (SST) is a significant climatic variable that affects the climate of the Earth. Monitoring a location's SST pattern is useful for several research areas, including weather forecasting and climate change. In this study, the emerging hot spot and cold spot patterns of SST in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine System (MBMS) were examined, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal changes of SST in the sub-basins were analysed, and future predictions were made. A distinctive aspect of the research lies in the introduction of novel techniques, specifically the application of space time cube and evolving hot spot analysis, for visualising and evaluating SST in the MBMS. This approach sets the study apart by pioneering the utilisation of these methods in this particular context. In the examined region, SST demonstrates a decreasing trend from east to west and from south to north. The forecast suggests that this spatial distribution pattern will persist in 2033, further accentuated by the intensification of the warming effect. Nine different time series clusters are defined within this distribution pattern. Although it changes seasonally, the prevailing statistically significant hot spots in the study area are primarily characterised by new hot spots, intensifying hot spots, sporadic hot spots and oscillating hot spots. The trends of hot and cold spot clusters, along with SST values, were assessed for all sub-basins in the MBMS. Conversely, the observed clustering category among statistically significant cold spots is identified as persistent cold spots, diminishing cold spots, sporadic cold spots, oscillating cold spots and historical cold spots. The spatiotemporal analysis in this research has provided notable insights, offering a spatial context to the previously explored temporal trends of SST in the MBMS.
Hydrogeochemical and rare earth element properties of geothermal waters and the use of abandoned oil wells in Diyarbakır
(Springer, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
T & uuml;rkiye is one of the most tectonically active regions in the world. Diyarbak & imath;r, which was chosen as the study area, is located in the south-eastern Anatolian region of T & uuml;rkiye and also in the south of the Bitlis-Zagros Suture Zone (BZSZ). Some of the geothermal resources in Diyarbak & imath;r are actively exploited. The temperature of & Ccedil;ermik geothermal waters was recorded at 40-51 degrees C by MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration) between 2010 and 2014. However, subsequent measurements conducted following the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquake (Mw: 7.7 on 6 February 2023) revealed that the surface temperature of geothermal fluids had increased to between 52 and 56 degrees C. Previous studies have indicated that there are also many abandoned oil wells in the region where the wellhead temperatures are around 107 degrees C. As a result of hydrogeochemical analyses, deep circulating geothermal waters such as & Ccedil;ermik have Na-HCO3 composition, while shallow circulating and mixed cold surface waters such as & Ccedil;& imath;nar, Bismil and Sur have Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 composition. According to the chalcedony geothermometer results, the reservoir temperatures in the study area vary between 90 degrees C and 173 degrees C. REY (Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium) results show that geothermal fluids in the study area have negative cerium (Ce), europium (Eu) and yttrium (Y) anomalies. The negative Ce anomaly indicates that the colder aquifers are close to oxygen-rich surface waters and thermal fluids interact with Karacada & gbreve; volcanic rocks. Eu anomalies in groundwater are controlled by preferential mobilisation of Eu2+ during water-rock interaction compared to Eu3+, and negative Eu anomalies indicate leakage of geothermal fluids from granites. The Y/Ho values of the thermal fluids in the study area are between 30 and 40. This value is due to the active contribution of fluorine during the mobilisation of REY as a fluoride or fluorocarbonate ligand complex, causing Y to behave as a heavy pseudolanthanide. delta 18O and delta 2H isotope values show that the geothermal waters in the study area are of meteoric origin. The obtained results reveal that Diyarbakir province has a geothermal potential and usage potential can be increased by using the abandoned oil wells.
Morphotectonic development of dolines on Mt. Bozdag (Karaburun Peninsula)
(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
This study investigated the morphometric and morphogenetic characteristics of dolines in the Bozda & gbreve; Massif, located in the north of Karaburun Peninsula. Dissolution dolines are one of the characteristic surface features of mid-latitude high karst plateaus, and doline morphometry is one of the methods commonly used to study the morphotectonic evolution characteristics of karst plateaus. In this study, an automatic extraction technique was used with a high-resolution digital elevation model to determine the areal distribution, density and morphometric characteristics of dolines. After the dolines were identified, several morphometric parameters such as area, perimeter, circularity index, length, width and elongation rates were calculated. According to the analyses and results obtained, a total of 564 dolines were detected in the area, with a maximum density of 74 dolines/km 2 . All the dolines, with an average elevation of 1,080 metres, are located on limestone from the Camibo & gbreve;az & imath; Formation. The dolines extend in roughly NW-SE direction, parallel to lineaments in the area, which formed in relation to tectonic processes that started with palaeotectonic evolution and influenced the Karaburun platform in the Izmir-Ankara zone during the Cretaceous period.
Occupation period of Menemen (1919-1922): A review supported by geographical information
(E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2024) Tepealtı, Fahrettin; Aşık, Süleyman; Karakaya, Emre
The 7th article of the Armistice of Mudros which has been signed due to Ottoman Empires lose World War I, gave Entente Powers the right of occupation of Ottoman territory. Greece, owing to that article, landed its army in Izmir on May 15, 1919, and started a brutal occupation. Menemen, a district of Izmir, exposed to that brutal, gory occupy on 22nd May. During the occupation of Menemen, Turkish-Muslim folk witnessed numerous grievous events and attacked by both Greek army and their local collaborators. Undoubtedly, the bloodiest one, called Bloody Tuesday on the other words Menemen Katliam & imath; (Massacre of Menemen), happened on June 17, 1919. This kind of savagery events has been occurring more than twelve hundred days throughout occupy. Because of their defeat of the Turkish War of Independence, the Greek army, escape and left Izmir completely as of September 9th. With the introduction of digital technologies into all areas of life, like the other branches of social sciences, historiography was undoubtedly affected by this process and took new research methodologies to the field. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) stand out as a prominent digital technological method. Realizing the potential of GIS, some historians have started to use these systems in historical researches. As a result, Historical GIS, a rapidly developing and new research area, has emerged. This interdisciplinary project, which examines the occupation period of Menemen, has been prepared to contribute to field. The goal of this study is to contribute methodologically to fields of history and historical geography by describing what happened during the occupation of Menemen (1919-1922) and mapping it using GIS.
Current status and potentials of enhanced geothermal system in the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt, Turkey
(Diponegoro Univ, 2024) Şener, Mehmet Furkan
The radioactive decay of isotopes is one of the most important sources of heat in the Earth's interior. The main radiogenic elements in the crust are U, Th, and K in granitoids. Radiogenic granites are becoming increasingly important as they support the development of the renewable energy sector. This study provides an in-depth review of the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) technology. Many countries, such as France and the UK, have initiated and contributed to energy production using EGS technology. In addition, this study calculates the potential production capacity of radiogenic granites in the Eastern Pontide Oraganic Belt (EPOB) and assesses their significant contribution to the Turkish economy in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The total area of radiogenic granites within the EBOP is 7116.35 km 2 and these granites contain average concentrations of U 3.25 ppm, Th 16.44 ppm, and K 3.7%. The plutons studied can generally be classified as medium to low heat producing granitoids. Ayeser, Camibo & gbreve;az & imath;, and Ayder (3.36-6.98 mu W/m 3 ), which are close to the average heat production value of the continental crust (5 mu W/m 3 ), may be suitable areas for EGS. Currently, EBOP granites have the capacity to produce 61 x 109 kWh of electricity. In addition to electricity, heat from granites can be used for other applications such as space heating and greenhouse cultivation.
GEOGRAPHICAL IGNORANCE: THE VITAL ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE FOR DECISION-MAKERS
(Polish Geographical Society, 2024) Tağıl, Şermin; Arslan, Huseyin Mert
The ongoing environmental, social, and cultural problems in today’s world indicate that geographic knowledge (GK) is not given sufficient importance by decision-makers. On the other hand, decision-makers, when making crucial decisions that impact competitiveness, economic well-being, and environmental stability, face significant risks and potential costs due to gaps in GK and a lack of awareness. In this context, this article presents a theoretical investigation that underscores how GK can assist decision-makers in achieving success in their decisions. We characterize GK with a mindset emphasizing the complex spatial system connections and the significant role of space in decision-making processes. The article discusses this topic at the local-regional, national, and international scales. As a result, we argue that addressing the knowledge gaps of decision-makers is impactful in enhancing their capacity to understand the mutual relationships among environmental dynamics at various scales and enables the synthesis of economic, political, social, and cultural mechanisms within human society. Considering the support of theory for empirical studies, we hope that this study will also support empirical research related to planning. Overcoming challenges requires a holistic approach that not only equips decision-makers with GK but also enables its effective implementation throughout the planning process. © 2024 Polish Geographical Society. All rights reserved.
Observed and projected geographical and temporal changes in the Köppen-Geiger climate types in Türkiye
(Springer, 2025) Türkeş, Murat; Yurtseven, Nami
This study aimed at comparing the geographical and climatological changes in the spatial distributions and average elevations of Türkiye’s recent past (1961 − 1990) present (1991 − 2020) and projected future climate types in detail via the Köppen-Geiger (K-G) classification. The future K-G climate types were examined for the periods of 2041–2070 and 2071–2099 based on low (SSP1 − 2.6), medium (SSP2-4.5), and very high (SSP5-8.5) Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. From 1961 − 1990 to 1991 − 2020, the mid-latitude semi-arid steppe (BSk), subtropical semi-arid steppe (BSh), and dry summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates expanded from 21.9% to 24.2%, 0.1% to 0.4%, and 28.9% to 31.8%, respectively. Conversely, the dry and warm summer cold (Dsb) climate decreased from 24% to 19.3%. Future projections, especially those under high emissions, reveal significant changes in the Dsb and Dfb (cold and humid with warm summer) climates. The main cold climate is expected to change toward drier and warmer cold climates. The current expansion of semi-arid steppe and Mediterranean climates and the contraction of the Dsb climate type can be seen as early indicators of the significant changes foreseen in future periods. As well, average elevations of climatic types will increase in both two future periods and two scenarios, especially in the very high scenarios. For example, under the very high scenario for the period of 2041 − 2070, the average elevations of the Cs, Cf, Ds, Df, and ET climates will increase by approximately 120 m, 220 m, 185 m, 290 m, and 1040 m, respectively. These results also show that the elevations and thicknesses of orographic-climatic vegetation layers may change; for example, the forest upper limit may be approximately 120–220 m higher in the future than in the present, for example, in humid temperate Black Sea forests. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025.
Lithium: An energy transition element, its role in the future energy demand and carbon emissions mitigation strategy
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Chandrasekharam D.; Şener, Mehmet Furkan; Recepoğlu Y.K.; Isık T.; Demir M.M.; Baba A.
Energy transition elements (Li, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu) are gaining importance due to their ability to provide energy and play an important role as primary energy sources. Because of the energy density and power density, Li-ion batteries have the edge over other batteries. Li is distributed in various rock-forming minerals and brines, and geothermal waters. Though lithium-bearing minerals are spread over a broad geographic region, these minerals are confined to certain countries with substantial economic potential. Li is extensively used in batteries, and battery-driven vehicles are growing exponentially to meet the carbon reduction goal of the Paris agreement in 2015 and signed by more than 50 percent of the countries. Nearly 55 million cars supported by Li batteries are expected to roll out by 2030. While this is the demand, its occurrence and concentration/extraction processes are not keeping pace with this demand. The extraction of Li from its ore is an energy-intensive process involving many fossil fuel-based energies. To recover one ton of Li metal, nearly 5 to 6 tons of CO2 is emitted. The CO2 emissions of 28 kWh LFP, NMC, and LMO batteries vary from 5600 to 2705 kg CO2-eq. The end-of-life emissions of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle are 400 kg CO2/vehicle, while Li Battery supports 500 kg/vehicle. The quantity of Li required for a 24 kWh average capacity leaf battery is about 137 g/kWh. While emissions are associated with the manufacturing of the batteries, emissions are also associated with a way that while they are recharged as the recharging source is fossil fuel-based energy. The best option to meet zero net carbon emissions by 2050, as envisaged by International Energy Agency (IEA), is to recover Li from geothermal brines and use geothermal energy for recharging. While hydrothermal energy sources are site-specific, enhanced geothermal system (EGS) based geothermal energy is not site-specific and is found wherever high radiogenic granites are available. High radiogenic granites are widely distributed, and heat recovered from EGS sources can provide clean energy and heat. Extraction of lithium from geothermal waters and using geothermal energy for recharging the batteries will drastically reduce CO2 emissions. It will drive the world towards Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario in the future. This is being practiced in Turkey. Future research should develop technology to recover Li from geothermal fluids with low concentration and support EGS development. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Kıta sahanlığı: Teori ve uygulama boyutu bağlamında bir değerlendirme
(2022) Tepealtı, Fahrettin
Coğrafi bir kavram olan kıta sahanlığı, devletlerin denizel alanlardaki doğal kaynaklara ulaşma imkânı ve isteğinin artmasına bağlı olarak 1900’lü yılların başından itibaren uluslararası boyutta gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. İlerleyen dönemde ise kıta sahanlığı sınırlandırmasının devletler arasında yeni bir rekabet alanına dönüşmesi, uluslararası düzenlemelerin yapılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. 1945 Truman Bildirisi, 1958 Cenevre Sözleşmesi ve 1982 Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (BMDHS), bu ihtiyacın gereği olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada kıta sahanlığı kavramı teori ve uygulama boyutları açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın teori boyutunda yukarıda sözü edilen uluslararası düzenlemeler ele alınmış, uygulama boyutunda ise Birleşmiş Milletlerin başlıca adli organı statüsündeki Uluslararası Adalet Divanının kıta sahanlığı kaynaklı anlaşmazlıkları değerlendirirken dikkate aldığı kriterlerin yorumlanma biçimlerine yer verilmiştir.
Investigating time dependent stress changes globally following large arthquakes (M≥7)
(2021) Sünbül, Fatih
Triggered earthquakes can cause disproportionate damages depend on their magnitudes. In fact, there is a causal link between the spatial distribution of those events and the stress changes induced by the mainshock. Co-seismic stress loading is one of the key factors in determination of triggering mechanism. However, the time lags ranging hours to years and the stress diffusion over wider areas cannot be evaluated with the co-seismic process alone. In some cases, the stress interactions for long periods and larger areas can be attributed to post-seismic viscoelastic relaxations. In this study, M?7 earthquakes from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GMCT) catalogue are modelled as dislocations to calculate shear stress changes on following earthquake nodal planes near enough to be triggered. The catalogue scanned for all other events (4.5
Spaces of social reproduction, mobility, and the Syrian refugee care crisis in Izmir, Turkey
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Acara, Eda; Özdemir, Sevim
This article explores how European border management policies, together with Turkey's stratified citizenship system for Syrian refugees and Turkish nationalism, shape the urban daily lives of Syrian women refugees in Izmir, Turkey. In 2019 we conducted in-depth interviews and a mapping exercise with 20 Syrian refugee women in Izmir to explore how their urban mobility patterns and struggles to access spaces of social reproduction shape gendered and racialized relations within the city of Izmir. Most Syrian refugees live in extreme poverty and their encounters with public spaces in Izmir are shaped by a stratified citizenship system. Together with the profitability of the exploitation of immigrant labor, this system's neoliberal and patriarchal peculiarities place social reproduction duties on women's shoulders. Women's reproductive and care-giving responsibilities constitute the core of their relationship with the city and their cartographies of urban mobility. Turkey's ambiguous temporary protection regime combined with racialized nationalism produce gendered interior borders which shape Syrian women's their mobility and access to spaces of social reproduction, such as parks and hospitals, in the city of Izmir.
Landscape ecological evaluation of cultural patterns for the Istanbul urban landscape
(Mdpi, 2022) Aksu, Gül Aslı; Tağıl, Şermin; Musaoğlu, Nebiye; Canatanoğlu, Emel Seyrek; Uzun, Adnan
With the widespread population growth in cities, anthropogenic influences inevitably lead to natural disturbances. The metropolitan area of Istanbul, with its rapid urbanization rate, has faced intense pressure regarding the sustainability of urban habitats. In this context, landscapes comprising patches affected by various disturbances and undergoing temporal changes must be analyzed, in order to assess city-related disturbances. In this study, the main objective was to understand how urbanization changed the function of the spatial distribution of the urban mosaic and, more specifically, its relationship with the size, shape, and connection among land-use classes. For this purpose, we took Besiktas, a district of Istanbul, as the study area. We evaluated the landscape pattern of the urban environment in two stages. First, we used medium-resolution satellite imagery to reveal the general interactions in the urbanization process. Landscape- and class-level landscape metrics were selected to quantify the landscape connectivity, and the distances between classes (green areas and artificial surfaces), patterns, and processes, using five satellite images representing a time span of 51 years (1963, 1984, 1997, 2005, and 2014). The general landscape structure was examined by looking at the temporal-spatial processes of artificial surface and green areas obtained from these medium-resolution satellite images. The trends in selected landscape-level metrics were specified and discussed through the use of a moving window analysis. We then used Pleiades high-resolution satellite imagery (2015) to analyze the landscape structure in more detail. This high-resolution base image allows us to recognize the possibility of classifying basic cultural landscape classes. The findings regarding the spatial arrangement of each class in the areas allocated to 14 cultural landscape classes were interpreted by associating them with the landscape functions. Finally, particulate matter (PM10) concentration data were collected and evaluated as an ecological indicator, in order to reveal the relationships between landscape structure and landscape function. In short, we first evaluated the whole landscape structure using medium-resolution data, followed by the classification of cultural landscapes using high-resolution satellite imagery, providing a time-effective-and, therefore, essential-auxiliary method for landscape evaluation. This two-stage evaluation method enables inferences to be made that can shed light on the landscape functions in an urban environment based on the landscape structure.
Structural controls and hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal fields in the Varto
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2021) Uzelli, Taygun; Şener, Mehmet Furkan; Dölek, İskender; Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Dirik, Ramazan Kadir
Varto and the surrounding region have important geothermal fields, developing in strike-slip tectonic setting in East Anatolia, which resulted from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The main structural elements in the area are the NE-trending sinistral and NW-trending dextral strike-slip fault segments and N-S trending extension zones. In order to determine fault-controlled geothermal circulation, it is very important to fully characterize the structural elements in these complex environments. The widely distributed volcanic rocks have fracture and crack systems that play an important role in surface infiltration, geothermal fluid, and groundwater circulation. Especially in areas where the fault segments intersect, hot springs outlets and natural resources easily come to the surface. In order to understand the flow paths of geothermal fluid along the faults in these geothermal systems, it is necessary to determine the stress state of the faults and to map the distribution of the structural elements. For this reason, we conducted a detailed study on the Varto Fault Zone, which has important geothermal fields in Eastern Anatolia. We present conceptual models of the geothermal fields in the Varto region that show favorable geothermal activity on the intersecting fault segments, fault bends, step-overs, and accompanying fracture-crack sets. As a result, we emphasize that the planes of strike-slip faults in transtensional areas are more favorable for secondary permeability and enhances the geothermal fluid circulation, and this can be supported by hydrogeochemical data.
Artçı depremler üzerinde oluşan gerilme değişimlerinin coğrafi ve istatistiksel dağılımlarının incelenmesi
(2021) Sünbül, Fatih
Deprem sırasında fay çevresinde oluşan statik gerilme değişiminin bir sonra meydana gelecek deprem veya depremlerin oluşumuna etki ettiği bilinmektedir. Bir depremin ardından oluşan ±0.1 bar (±0.01 MPa) mertebesindeki gerilme değişimi artçı şokların dağılımını etkileyebilmektedir. Halbuki büyük depremlerden sonra açığa çıkan daha büyük gerilmeler 200 km yarıçaplı bir alanda oluşacak artçı şok dağılımlarını mekânsal ve zamansal olarak da etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada Küresel Centroid Moment Tensör (CMT) kataloğundan seçilen 116 adet M?7 deprem kaynak olarak modellenerek çevresinde meydana getirdiği gerilme değişim alanlarına düşen artçı şok dağılımları incelenmiştir. Katalog üzerinde farklı zaman periyotlarında de test edilen analizlere göre, her bir ana deprem sonrası oluşan artçı şok dağılımı %58 ile %62 arasında gerilmenin arttığı alanlarda, %38 ile %42 arasında oluşan artçı şoklar ise, gerilme azalımı olan alanlarda meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Yapılan analizlere göre küresel çapta gerçekleşen gerilme difüzyonu ters faylanmalar vasıtasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Depremler sonucunda oluşan artçı şokların %80’i ters faylanma mekanizmalı ana depremlerden meydana gelmektedir. Dolayısıyla, depremlerden sonra çevre faylarda meydana gelen gerilme değişimlerinin hesap edilmesiyle, sismik tehlike bölgeleri tespit edilebilmektedir.
Deprem etkileşimlerinde Coulomb Gerilme Kriteri değerlendirmesi; Doğu Anadolu Fay Hattı
(2018) Sünbül, Fatih; Sünbül, Ayşe Bengü
Türkiye’nin önemli fay zonlarından biri olan Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu (DAFZ), içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda çok aktifgörünmemesine rağmen, tarihsel dönemlerde büyük depremler üretmiş bir fay zonudur. DAFZ’in yakın çevresinde büyük yerleşimbirimlerinin bulunması, dolayısıyla gelecekte meydana gelebilecek muhtemel bir depremin yerinin belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir.Fayların içinde bulundukları gerilme durumları ve komşu faylara olan etkisi Coulomb gerilme kriteri ile modellenebilmekte, gerilmeninarttığı bölgeler tespit edilerek, gelecekte oluşabilecek bir deprem lokasyon olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada DAFZuzerinde 1822 yılından günümüze kadar meydana gelmiş orta ve büyük ölçekli depremler Coulomb kriteri kullanılarak modellenmişve incelenen depremlerin birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, lehva hareketlerine bağlı meydana gelen tektonik gerilmedeğişimleri analiz edilerek, bölgede deprem riski oluşturabilecek gerilmenin yüksek olduğu alanlar incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularagöre; modellenen 18 depremden 12 tanesi oluşumları itibariyle gerilme ilişkileri tespit edilmiş ve bir anlamda birbirlerini tetiklemişlerdir.Geçmiş yıllarda araştırmacılar tarafından gerilme artışı saptanan Elazığ-Bingöl arasındaki segmentin 2003 Bingöl ve 2010 Elazığdepremlerinden sonra kısmen deprem riski taşımadıgı da tespit edilmiştir. Inceleme alanında yer alan Kahramanmaraş-Malatya illeriarasında yer alan segmentte hem deprem tetiklemelerinden, hem de tektonik hareketlerden kaynaklı bir gerilme artışı tespit edilerek,deprem riskinin yüksek olduğu alan olarak çalışmada belirlenmiştir.
Urban sprawl in Nizip city: Assessing with remotely sensed and population data
(2020) Sünbül, Fatih
Based on Remote Sensing image processing and Geographic Information Systems analysis, population-dependent urban structures can be accurately monitored, analysed, and potential spatial or environmental problems restrained by professional land use management. In this study, the city of Nizip, located within the province of Gaziantep, was evaluated in this perspective and its development in the last thirty years was determined. The satellite images of 1990 and 2019 were evaluated within the framework of CORINE land classification system. The controlled classification method was implemented in the analysis and the city's growth rate and direction were determined while land cover changes were investigated both statistically and spatially. According to the analysis, residential areas in the study area, which were 555 ha in 1990, exceeded 1000 ha in 2019, due to industrialization and population growth. Urban sprawl was observed in NE and E directions. In addition, the bare lands of the city have been converted to dry agricultural lands in the last three decades which is supposedly due to long term climate effects. Along with the increasing industrialization movement in this period, the population increased by 30% on average in the central neighbourhoods. Migration from evacuated villages to the city centre following dam construction and water impoundment phases has increased the population. Rapid urbanization is also observed alongside newly built highways and motorways. Regarding increasing population movements in recent years, it is predicted that there could be spatial and environmental problems due to rapid and unplanned urbanization in Nizip city. It is stated that the elimination of these problems can be carried out through accurate and planned land use decision support systems.
Van ili çevresi kabuk deformasyon analizi ve deprem tehlike değerlendirmesi
(2021) Sünbül, Fatih; Aslan, Hüseyin Mert; Karadeniz, Enes
Van ili ve çevresi, bölgesinde var olan güçlü tektonik hareketler ve deformasyonların etkisi altındadır. Bu deformasyonların esas kaynağını Arabistan levhasının Anadolu levhasına göre göreceli kuzey ve kuzey batı yönlü hareketi oluşturur. Bu bağıl hareket sonucunda Bitlis Zagros Kenet Kuşağı, Doğu Anadolu ve Kuzey Anadolu Fay sistemleri bölgenin depremselliğinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bölgede var olan gerilme analizlerinin belirlenmesi, Van ili ve çevresinde oluşacak deprem tehlikesini daha net ortaya çıkaracaktır. Bu bağlamda bölgede var olan GPS verileri ve Global CMT kataloğundan elde edilen depremsellik verileri kullanılarak çalışma alanında deformasyon oranı tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre çalışma alanında 40 n gerinim/yıl deformasyon alanı elde edilmiş, bölgesel gerilim içerisindeki bu küçük KB-GD sıkışma bileşeninin, 2011 Van depreminde olduğu gibi deprem mekanizmasında beklenenden daha büyük bir rol oynayabileceği saptanmıştır. Bölgede hâkim olan dilatasyon mekanizması incelendiğinde ise; Van ili ve çevresinde 25 n gerinim/yıl olan kesme bileşeni Karlıova bölgesine yaklaşıldıkça 170 n gerinim/yıl mertebesine erişmektedir. 2003 yılında bu bölgede meydana gelen Mw 6.4 Bingöl depreminin sağ yanal bir yapıda olması, Kuzey Anadolu Fay mekanizmasının Van ili civarına kadar uzanabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Bu alanda meydana gelebilecek büyük ölçekte deprem, Van Ovası’nda yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak, yerleşim yerlerinde potansiyel tehlike oluşturabileceği ön görülmektedir.
Time-dependent stress increase along the major faults in eastern Turkey
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Sünbül, Fatih
The co-seismic, and post-seismic effects of 18 earthquakes that occurred since 1822 were modelled in conjunction with a regionally variable secular inter-seismic effect in order to investigate how the Coulomb stress field in the eastern part of the North Anatolian and the East Anatolian Fault Zones, have evolved over the past two centuries. Results show that viscoelastic post-seismic relaxations caused by the 1939 Ms 7.9 Erzincan earthquake is still strong and influencing the seismic activity in the region. Post-seismic effects have increased the stress on the Yedisu segment as much as 5.3 bars, whereas supressed stress on the Kahramanmaras-Malatya segment. In general, increases in stress due to viscous-elastic effects are comparable, or in certain cases even larger than the increases in stress caused by co-seismic deformations. This indicates that the additional stress changes derived from viscoelastic deformations could be significant and should be taken into consideration when assessing seismic hazard along the active seismic zones. Two regions are identified as having high positive Coulomb stress changes therefore high seismic hazard; a segment close to Bingol Province in the East Anatolian Fault Zone and the Yedisu segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
Stability analysis of a landslide: A view with implications of microstructural soil characters
(Springer India, 2021) Sünbül, Fatih; Haner, Büent; Mungan, Hüseyin; Akarsu, Veli; Sünbül Güner, Ayşe Bengü; Temiz, Cengiz
The 2015 Devrek landslide is one of the largest and most puzzling features on the Devrek-Eregli Highway in Zonguldak Province, in the north-west of Turkey. The landslide which was activated in March, was about 700 m long, 110 m wide with a volume of 1,100,000 m(3). In order to assess the landslide hazard in a systematic way, we have employed several techniques such as geotechnical, microstructural and finite elements (FE) modelling. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence studies show low clay content in the crown section and the amounts of illite and sepiolite do not exceed 25% where there is detrital sand indicating that there is continuous sliding activity. The main sliding body demonstrates implications of liquefaction according to the amount of fine sand and clay obtained by laboratory measurements. The most active clay group prevailing the landslide formation are illite and sepiolite. Furthermore, rounded fine quarts have increased sliding and rolling activity risk according to their physical structures combined with high-seasonal rainfall rate. The FE method was used for both static and dynamic slope stability investigations. Since the landslide region are in a very active tectonic region, earthquake-triggered landsliding strongly correlates with measured peak ground acceleration. Therefore, we have tested the model in numerical dynamic analysis, and the results show a deterioration in landslide stability during seismic loading which puts the study area at risk. All analysis carried out for the landslide assessment shows a continued landslide hazard for the residential areas close to the landslide foot zone.
An assessment of urban sprawl in Northern Sakarya Province following the 1999 earthquake, NW Turkey
(Springer, 2019) Sünbül, Fatih
Quantifying and monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of the land use/land cover (LULC) in a given region are critical for better characterizing land use generally, including that for social, economic and environmental purposes. Urbanization plays a key role in modifying land cover and has a widespread impact on the environment, where uncontrolled urban sprawl also leads to disruption of landscapes and habitat and degradation in biodiversity. Monitoring continuous LULC changes can provide helpful insights for decision makers of future planning, in terms of establishing robust land use management planning. However, urban growth is very complex phenomenon and hard to control under unpredictable disasters such as earthquakes. Here, we have focused on Sakarya Province in order to assess LULC change in the city following the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. For this purpose, three Landsat satellite images were used covering the last two decades. Segmentation process and supervised classification of images were also employed. In the whole study region following the 1999 destructive earthquake, the image analysis result shows that the significant transformation in land use developed in the settlement area from 1291.5 to 1516.3 ha (up to 17.4% in ratio) due to migration. According to the results, a decrease of 21.2% was recorded in forest areas from 3505.7 to 2761.3 ha and a decrease of 15.8% was recorded in inland wetlands from 120.5 to 101.0 ha. In contrast, we have estimated an increase in agricultural areas from 63.2 to 67.2 ha (6.3% in ratio) despite a slight decrease in the 2008-2016 periods. In conclusion, we have observed a northern urban sprawl in the area where the natural balance is estimated to deteriorate in the coming years.

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