Türk modernleşme politakalarının kırsal hayata etkisinin sinemada toplumsal gerçekçi anlayış ile sunulması
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İzmir Bakırçay Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Çalışmanın amacı; Türk modernleşme politikalarının ardından toprağa yüklenilen anlamın dönüşmesini, ağa-köylü ilişkisinin değişimini ve kente göç eden köylülerin kente uyum süreçlerinin sinemaya yansımasını incelemektir. Bu amaçla modernleşme sürecinde Türkiye'nin toplumsal yapısı, toprak ve ağalık ilişkileri, kente göç eden köylülerin şehir hayatına uyum sürecinde yaşadığı zorluklar çalışmada yer edinmiştir. Literatüre uygun olarak amaçlı (yargısal) örneklem tekniği ile birlikte 1950-2000 yılları arasında çekilen toplam 19 film incelenmiştir. Filmlerin çözümlenmesi ise nitel içerik analizi tekniğiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucu elde edilen bulgular birinci kategoride "Ağanın Otoritesinin Dönüşümü" adı altında çözümlenirken ikinci kategori "Toprağın Metalaşma Süreci" ve üçüncü kategori ise "Köylünün Kente Uyum Zorluğu" başlığı altında filmlerin sahneleriyle birlikte sunulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Türk modernleşme politikaları kırsal bölgede yaşayan köylülerin toprağa yükledikleri "ekmek", "yuva", "statü" kavramlarının dönüşmesine yol açmıştır. Yaşanılan bu dönüşüm Türk sinemasında toplumsal gerçekçi bakış açısıyla izleyicilere sunulmuştur. Böylece toprak artık köylüler için alınıp satılabilen salt "meta" formuna bürünmüştür. Toprağa atfedilen anlamın dönüşmesi Türk sinemasında da toprak ağasına atfedilen otorite imajını zedelemiştir. Çünkü toprak ağasına yüklenilen "lider", "otorite" ve "saygınlık" tavır ve tutumlarının arka planında toprağın insan hayatı için paha biçilemez değerde olmasından kaynaklanmaktaydı. Toprak ağasına atfedilen tüm anlamlar bu sebeple değişmiş ve zamanla ortadan kalkmıştır. Köylülerin değişen toprak algısı ve yaşama tutunma çabası kente zorunlu göçü mecbur kılmıştır. Sinemada kırdan kente göçü konu alan birçok film bu dönemde gösterime girmiştir. Kırda ağanın toprağını işleyen köylüler, kentte hayata tutunacak bir malı ve mülkü olmadığından dolayı kentli bireylerle eşit konuma gelememiştir. Kırdan kente gerçekleşen kitlesel göç sonucunda kentte yeni bir toplumsal düzenin oluşmasına yol açarken köylü bireylerin de kente uyum süreçlerinin daha da zorlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Bulgulara göre incelenen filmlerde de görüldüğü üzere kente göç eden köylüler ne "köylü" gibi kalabilmiş ne de "işçi" sınıfına dâhil olarak "kentli" bir birey olmayı başarmıştır. 1950-2000 yılları arasında da toplumsal gerçekçi bakış açısı ile gösterime giren filmler köylünün toprakla kurduğu bağın dönüşmesinin sonucunda ortaya çıkan yeni kavram ve unsurları konu edinmiştir. Böylelikle insan hayatında yaşanılan değişimlere sinemanın kayıtsız kalamadığı net bir şekilde görülmüştür.
Purpose of the study; The aim of this study is to examine the transformation of the meaning attributed to the land after the Turkish modernization policies, the change of the landlord-peasant relationship and the reflection of the adaptation processes of the villagers who migrated to the city to the cinema. For this purpose, Turkey's social structure in the modernization process, land and landlord relations, the difficulties experienced by the villagers who migrated to the city in the process of adaptation to city life were included in the study. In accordance with the literature, a total of 19 films shot between 1950 and 2000 were examined, together with the purposeful (judicial) sampling technique. The analysis of the films was carried out with the qualitative content analysis technique. The findings obtained as a result of the analysis were analyzed under the title of "Transformation of the Authority of the Agha" in the first category, while the second category was presented under the title of "Commodification Process of the Land" and the third category under the title of "The Peasant's Difficulty in Adapting to the City" with the scenes of the films. According to the findings, Turkish modernization policies have led to the transformation of the concepts of "bread", "nest", "status" that the villagers living in rural areas put on the land. This transformation has been presented to the audience with a social realist perspective in Turkish cinema. Thus, the land has now taken the form of a mere "commodity" that can be bought and sold for the peasants. The transformation of the meaning attributed to the land has damaged the image of authority attributed to the landlord in Turkish cinema. Because in the background of the "leader", "authority" and "respect" attitudes and attitudes imposed on the landlord, it was due to the invaluable value of the land for human life. All the meanings attributed to the landlord have therefore changed and disappeared over time. The changing perception of the land and the effort of the villagers to hold on to life forced the forced migration to the city. Many films about migration from rural to urban in cinema were screened in this period. The villagers who cultivated the land of the landlord in the countryside could not come to an equal position with the citizens of the city, since they did not have any property to hold on to life in the city. As a result of the mass migration from the countryside to the city, it led to the formation of a new social order in the city, and also caused the adaptation processes of the rural individuals to become more difficult. According to the findings, as seen in the films examined, the villagers who migrated to the city could neither remain as "peasants" nor managed to become an "urban" individual by being included in the "working" class. The films, which were screened with a social realist point of view between the years 1950-2000, focused on new concepts and elements that emerged as a result of the transformation of the peasant's bond with the land. Thus, it has been clearly seen that cinema cannot remain indifferent to the changes experienced in human life.
Purpose of the study; The aim of this study is to examine the transformation of the meaning attributed to the land after the Turkish modernization policies, the change of the landlord-peasant relationship and the reflection of the adaptation processes of the villagers who migrated to the city to the cinema. For this purpose, Turkey's social structure in the modernization process, land and landlord relations, the difficulties experienced by the villagers who migrated to the city in the process of adaptation to city life were included in the study. In accordance with the literature, a total of 19 films shot between 1950 and 2000 were examined, together with the purposeful (judicial) sampling technique. The analysis of the films was carried out with the qualitative content analysis technique. The findings obtained as a result of the analysis were analyzed under the title of "Transformation of the Authority of the Agha" in the first category, while the second category was presented under the title of "Commodification Process of the Land" and the third category under the title of "The Peasant's Difficulty in Adapting to the City" with the scenes of the films. According to the findings, Turkish modernization policies have led to the transformation of the concepts of "bread", "nest", "status" that the villagers living in rural areas put on the land. This transformation has been presented to the audience with a social realist perspective in Turkish cinema. Thus, the land has now taken the form of a mere "commodity" that can be bought and sold for the peasants. The transformation of the meaning attributed to the land has damaged the image of authority attributed to the landlord in Turkish cinema. Because in the background of the "leader", "authority" and "respect" attitudes and attitudes imposed on the landlord, it was due to the invaluable value of the land for human life. All the meanings attributed to the landlord have therefore changed and disappeared over time. The changing perception of the land and the effort of the villagers to hold on to life forced the forced migration to the city. Many films about migration from rural to urban in cinema were screened in this period. The villagers who cultivated the land of the landlord in the countryside could not come to an equal position with the citizens of the city, since they did not have any property to hold on to life in the city. As a result of the mass migration from the countryside to the city, it led to the formation of a new social order in the city, and also caused the adaptation processes of the rural individuals to become more difficult. According to the findings, as seen in the films examined, the villagers who migrated to the city could neither remain as "peasants" nor managed to become an "urban" individual by being included in the "working" class. The films, which were screened with a social realist point of view between the years 1950-2000, focused on new concepts and elements that emerged as a result of the transformation of the peasant's bond with the land. Thus, it has been clearly seen that cinema cannot remain indifferent to the changes experienced in human life.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sosyoloji, Sociology
