Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14034/32

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 28

The transboundary effects of climate change and global adaptation: the case of the Euphrates-Tigris water basin in Turkey and Iraq
(Physica-Verlag Gmbh & Co, 2024) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur
Drought has erupted across the Middle East due to climate change and global warming, leading to a considerable reduction in rainfall and snowfall and a substantial drop in water resources. The Euphrates-Tigris water basin is a significant source of water supply for Turkey and Iraq, where the latter is a downstream riparian country, and the former is an upstream country. We aim to explore the impact of climate change shocks on the economic welfare of households in Iraq. The empirical analysis relies on data from the Iraqi Household Socio-Economic Survey conducted in 2012 and the 2017 Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey. We apply simultaneous unrelated regression equations with probit models. We further extend the analysis by incorporating an instrumental variables approach. The findings show a significant impact of climate change-related shocks on income, assets, food production and stock, and the overall economic situation of households in Iraq.
How to design bibliometric research: an overview and a framework proposal
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Öztürk, Oguzhan; Kocaman, Ridvan; Kanbach, Dominik K.
Bibliometric analysis has recently become a popular and rigorous technique used for exploring and analyzing the literature in business and management. Prior studies principally focused on 'how to do bibliometric analysis', presenting an overview of the bibliometric methodology along with various techniques and step-by-step guidelines that can be relied on to rigorously conduct bibliometric analysis. However, the current body of evidence is limited in its ability to provide practical knowledge that can enhance the design and performance of bibliometric research. This claim is supported even by the fact that relevant studies refer to their work as 'bibliometric analysis' rather than 'bibliometric research'. Accordingly, we endeavor to offer a more functional framework for researchers who wish to design/conduct bibliometric research on any field of research, especially business and management. To do this, we followed a twofold way. We first outlined the main stages and steps of typical bibliometric research. Then, we proposed a comprehensive framework for specifying how to design/conduct the research and under what headings the relevant stages (step-by-step) will be used and/or presented. Thus, the current paper is expected to be a useful source to gain insights into the available techniques and guide researchers in designing/conducting bibliometric research.
The biomechanical performance of implant screws with different biomaterials in orthopedic bone fixation procedures
(Springer India, 2024) Gök, Kadir; Gok, Arif
This study aimed to investigate the bone screwing process for stabilization following reduction of femur shaft fracture using M3.5 cortex screws made of four different materials: 316L stainless steel, Ti6Al4V, NiTi, and WC. The numerical analysis was performed using the finite element method and Deform-3D software, with loading and boundary conditions being accurately identified for each analysis. The screwing moment, screw wear, and temperature distributions in both the screw and bone material were evaluated for each material during the screwing process. The results showed that the lowest bone temperatures were achieved when using WC screws, followed by 316L, Ti6Al4V, and NiTi screws. The numerical simulations demonstrated good consistency across all four screw materials during the bone screwing process. The study used Finite Element Analysis to simulate screw insertion into sawbones. It employed tetrahedral elements for meshing, focusing on the hole area to mimic screwing accurately. Sawbones' lateral surfaces remained fixed, while the screw model experienced different spindle speeds and a constant feed rate. Contact between screw and sawbones was established using a master-slave algorithm, considering a friction coefficient of 0.42 to simulate frictional forces.
Coping strategies and inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from Kenya
(Oxford Univ Press, 2024) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Özdamar, Öznur
Governments worldwide have implemented stringent lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, which had an adverse impact on employment, affecting people's public life, health and well-being. People have witnessed job losses, cuts in wages and a decline in their living standards. This study aims to estimate the inequalities and well-being costs, demonstrating the living standards necessary to make up for people's wage reduction or job losses. In particular, we aim to explore the coping strategies used to enhance their well-being compared to those of households without a coping strategy. We use food insecurity as a measure of well-being outcome. The empirical analysis relies on detailed household surveys from the World Bank Microdata Library. We use seven waves of the Panel COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Survey with Households in 2020-2022 in Kenya. Also, the results highlight the potential inequalities of the COVID-19 pandemic across gender and types of workers, such as those employed in the informal sector and on temporary contracts. The findings show that specific coping strategies, such as delayed payment obligations, credit purchases and reduced non-food consumption, are associated with larger inequalities. Regarding the gender of the head of the household, the results suggest that the disparities between female-headed households that had to cope with income and employment loss and female-headed households that did not require to follow any strategy are significantly higher compared to their male counterparts. We derive similar concluding remarks when we consider households with social security coverage and the type of employment contract.
Understanding determinants of outward foreign direct investment: the role of economic policy uncertainty, institutional quality, and globalization
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Ölmez, Fevzi; Bilgiç, Emre; Aydın, Esra
PurposeThis research aims to investigate the role of the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in the outward FDI (OFDI) of the United Kingdom (UK) by considering the institutional quality (IQ) and globalization level of the host country as contextual factors.Design/methodology/approachThe UK's OFDI to its twenty partners is analyzed by using the factor augmented model for the 2005-2019 period.FindingsThe results show that the EPU of the host country has a negative and significant effect on the UK's OFDI. Furthermore, the findings surprisingly illustrate that the globalization level of the host country has a negative and significant impact on the UK's OFDI. In terms of IQ, this study indicates that, while government effectiveness and regulatory quality have a negative and significant influence on the UK's OFDI, the rule of law has a positive and significant effect on the UK's OFDI.Originality/valueThis will be one of a few studies considering OFDI in the scope of EPU. Also, the contradicting results of the study add unique perspectives to the literature about the relationship between OFDI, globalization, and IQ.
Systematic and bibliometric review of neuroeconomics and neurofinance research: current status, thematic trends, and future directions
(Wiley, 2024) Bayramoğlu, Gökberk; Öztürk, Oğuzhan
The aim of this study is to provide a systematic and bibliometric overview of neuroeconomics and neurofinance research. The study analyzes 507 articles published in peer-reviewed journals in the Web of Science (WoS) database spanning from 1994 to February 2024. The research is conducted in two phases; initially, a performance analysis, followed by a science mapping analysis. Through performance analysis, we pinpoint significant authors, notable journals, leading countries, and influential articles within these research fields. With the science mapping, we utilize co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-word analyses to uncover the thematic and intellectual framework of research in neuroeconomics and neurofinance. Overall, we reveal prominent research themes, including reward, decision-making under risk, value, game theory, and intertemporal choices. Classical decision-making theory divides the decision-making process into three interconnected stages: identifying options, evaluating them, and making a choice. The research themes we revealed through science mapping analysis constitute different aspects of the evaluation stage. Accordingly, our results suggest that neuroeconomics and neurofinance research has mainly concentrated on the evaluation stage (and, to a lesser extent, the choice stage with value theme), while the process of identifying options has been relatively understudied, despite its vital significance in less structured, real-world situations. Alongside revealing research themes, we ultimately spotlight research directions within neuroeconomics and neurofinance.
Investigating the corrosion relationship and biomechanical effectiveness of Ti6Al4V screws Coated hBN and HA in triangular configuration for femoral neck fracture fixation using 3D modeling and numerical analysis
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2025) Gök, Kadir; Gok, Arif
This study investigates the biomechanical behavior and corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V screws coated with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and hydroxyapatite (HA) for femoral neck fracture fixation using a triangular configuration under axial loading. Utilizing 3D modeling software (Geomagic Studio and SolidWorks) and numerical analysis with AnsysWorkbench, the screws were designed and analyzed. The study aimed to determine the biomechanical effects and corrosion relationships of Ti6Al4V coated with hBN and HA. Comparative analysis revealed that Ti6Al4V-HA exhibited higher gap (0.036427), penetration (0.0028631), and sliding distance values (0.0024398) compared to Ti6Al4V-hBN (gap: 0.036196, penetration: 0.0028579, sliding distance: 0.0024300), indicating greater reactivity and corrosion potential. Conversely, Ti6Al4V-hBN demonstrated superior corrosion resistance. The findings suggest that hBN-coated Ti6Al4V screws provide improved stability and reduced stress concentration, which are critical for successful fracture fixation. Additionally, hBN coating effectively reduced the corrosion rate of Ti6Al4V in simulated body fluids, enhancing implant longevity and patient safety. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to validate these findings and assess long-term performance and biocompatibility. The study underscores the need to consider multiple factors in implant material selection to gain a comprehensive understanding of corrosion behavior. Overall, this research lays the groundwork for future advancements in orthopedic implant technology and has the potential to improve patient outcomes in fracture management.
Performance evaluation of different dispatching rules and heuristics in a fully automated parking system
(Inst Mathematics & Informatics, 2024) Dudaklı, Nurhan; Baykasoglu, Adil
Conventional parking lots struggle to meet demand, prompting the rise of Fully Automated Parking Systems (FAPS), offering eco-friendly alternatives with advanced technology. However, operational challenges persist, especially in planning and scheduling. Real-time responsiveness necessitates dispatching rules and heuristics. This study comprehensively explores FAPS operational dynamics, assessing various rule combinations' impact on customer wait times and system utilization. Utilizing a six-month MATLAB simulation, results favour the Nearest -Available -Slot (NAS) allocation rule coupled with First -Come -First -Served (FCFS) sequencing, emphasizing allocation's pivotal role in system efficiency. Future research will refine allocation strategies to further optimize FAPS operational performance.
Does trade pattern matter for tourism activities? Evidence from the twenty most visited countries
(Varna Univ Management-Vum, 2024) Ölmez, Fevzi; Tarakci, Dogukan
This study aims to investigate the relationship between international tourism and total trade, including exports and imports, for the twenty most visited countries. In order to accurately assess the relationship, the study employs the Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) causality analysis, which accounts for cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity. The empirical results show a unidirectional causality running from total trade, exports, and imports to international tourist arrivals for Germany, India, Mexico, and the Netherlands. Conversely, the causality runs from international tourist arrivals to total trade, exports, and imports for Portugal, Russia, and Spain (except imports). Additionally, a bidirectional causality link between international trade and tourism is found for China, indicating that both tourism and trade mutually reinforce each other. These results highlight the importance of considering the direction of causality in the relationship between tourism and trade, and developing targeted policiesthat take into account the unique characteristics of each country
Attitudes towards Syrian refugees in Türkiye: Does cosmopolitanism matter?
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi
This paper empirically investigates the possible relationship between cosmopolitanism and attitudes towards Syrian refugees in Turkiye. Previous research has emphasised that factors determining cosmopolitanism can also influence attitudes towards refugees and immigrants. However, no study has documented evidence of the link between these factors and the attitudes of Turkish people towards Syrian refugees. We use a unique data set covering 1031 individuals born in different provinces of Turkiye. The survey was carried out in Mersin, Adana, Mardin, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa and Hatay, where a higher number of Syrians reside compared to other provinces of Turkiye. Attitudes towards Syrians are measured by asking their opinion on whether the Turkish government should provide citizenship and welfare benefits to Syrian refugees. Findings show that those with cosmopolitan orientations, people who have been or lived abroad in the past, and individuals who know at least one foreign language and participated in cultural activities while being in another country are more tolerant of refugees. Although government legitimates the refugee issue to the Turkish society within the religious discourse since the beginning of war, religious people are not different in tolerance towards Syrian refugees than non-religious people in Turkiye.
Bir kurumsal mantık olarak Türk töresi ve onun yönetsel aktörler üzerindeki şekillendiriciliği: Kutadgu Bilig temelinde bir inceleme
(2022) Gürler, Gökhan; Ersoy, Ahmet Yağmur; Taş, Ali
Bu çalışma bir kurumsal mantık olarak töreyi örgüt teorisi yazınının gündemine taşımak amacıyla yapılmıştır ve çalışmanın odak noktasını merkez bir kurumsal mantık olarak nitelendirilen Türk Töresi oluşturmaktadır. Bu odak noktası temelinde araştırmada şu üç soruya cevap aranmıştır; birincisi, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin hâkim değerleri nelerdir? ikincisi, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin yönetsel aktörler üzerinde nasıl bir şekillendirici gücü bulunmaktadır?Üçüncüsü bir kurumsal mantık olarak Türk töresinde bilginin kaynağı olarak neresi/nereleri ve/veya hangi kaynaklar ön plana çıkmaktadır?sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Bu sorular çerçevesinde araştırma Kutadgu Bilig temelinde bir incelemeye dayanmaktadır. Bahsedilen sorular temelindeki incelemede adaletin, iyilik-faydalılığın, eşitlik ile insanlık ve hoşgörünün töre kurumsal mantığının hâkim değerleri olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra inceleme sonuçları, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin beyin görevlerini ve bu görevlerin nasıl yerine getirileceğini tanımlama, bir beyin sahip olması gereken vasıfları belirleme ve beylik için gerekli olan güç kaynağının kontrolü üzerinden yönetsel aktörler üzerinde önemli bir şekillendiriciliğe sahip olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Well-being of old natives and immigrants in Europe: does the socio-cultural integration matter?
(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi
The first aim of the study is to explore the determinants of socio-cultural integration and to compare the degree of this integration between natives and immigrants. The second aim is to examine the relationship between socio-cultural integration and the subjective well-being (SWB) of both natives and migrant populations. We use panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe across the period 2004-2017 in 29 countries. We apply seemingly unrelated regressions (SURE) to explore the simultaneous relationship between socio-cultural integration and well-being. We consider first and second-generation immigrants and also immigrants from different countries of origin. Our findings suggest that first-generation immigrants are less likely to participate in the socio-cultural activities explored. However, those who are engaged in those activities, participate more frequently than natives. Furthermore, even though immigrants report lower levels of SWB, the latter is significantly enhanced with socio-cultural integration.
Cultural participation and extra disability and health costs of Syrian migrants in Turkey
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Giovanis, Elefherios
PurposeThe effects of disability are well recognised by the social security systems worldwide. This study aims to examine the disability and health-related costs of Syrian migrants in Turkey using the standard of living (SoL) approach. Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis relies on primary data collected from 1,067 Syrian migrants in Turkey, and the author applies the ordered Probit model. The SoL is operationalized by frequency of attendance to a Turkish theatrical play or movie, inviting Turkish friends for food and attending a theatrical play or movie with Turkish friends. FindingsThe findings show that health problems and disability are negatively related to the frequency of participation in socio-cultural activities. Moreover, employed, wealthier and educated Syrian migrants participate more frequently in the social and cultural activities explored. Practical implicationsThe results show that the costs range between 9% and 38%, which translates in monetary values between 3,700 and 10,700 Turkish Liras (TL) per annum or between US$530 and US$1,530 expressed in 2020 values. These findings highlight the significant cost and burden that disability and health problems may put in migrant households. Social implicationsPolicies encouraging immigrants to participate in socio-cultural events, particularly those with disabilities and health issues, may promote their integration into the host society's social and cultural values. Furthermore, policies improving employment opportunities, income and educational attainment of Syrian migrants may enhance their participation in socio-cultural activities. Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study exploring the disability and health costs of migrants related to integration and participation in cultural activities.
Disability specific equivalence scales: a case-control approach applied to the cost of acquired brain injuries
(Springer, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Menon, Martina; Perali, Federico
This study estimates the household costs resulting from acquired brain injuries in terms of a reduction in the standard of living. The application uses primary data collected in the Verona and Florence provinces of Italy integrating highly detailed health information with information about consumption, income, wealth, time-use and relational well-being describing the standard of living. In general, the estimates of disability costs in previous studies are obtained from survey data without a specific focus on individuals with disabilities but collect information on the general health status. In contrast, this study exploits highly detailed information on a sample of cases with a disability, whose intensity is measured by the highly precise European quality of life measure-5 domain-5 (EQ-5D) instrument, to be compared with a sample of control formed by households without disabled members. The disability scales have been estimated using a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based procedure. We then implement interpersonal comparisons on the health income dimension in a theoretically plausible way, testing the independence hypothesis of equivalence scales. Our study finds that on average disabled households need an additional amount of about euro1800 per month to reach the same standard of livings as the non-disabled households corresponding to a scale of 1.78.
Exchange rate volatility and export in Turkey: Does the nexus vary across the type of commodity?
(Central Bank Republic Turkey, 2022) Tarakçı, Doğukan; Ölmez, Fevzi; Durusu-Ciftçi, Dilek
Turkey has experienced a rapid increase in exports during the last two decades. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the exchange rate and its volatility in recent years. Hence, the empirical examination of the volatility-export nexus in a comprehensive framework seems to be important to provide insights for policymakers. In this study, we investigate how the exchange rate volatility affects Turkey's exports to its major partners namely, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, the UK, and the USA for the period of 2002:01-2019:12. Considering the existence of an asymmetric effect of volatility on trade, we separate positive changes of volatility from negative changes via the partial sum concept and introduce nonlinearity into the estimation and testing procedure. Our results indicate that (i) exchange rate volatility plays quite important role for Turkey's export, (ii) asymmetry matters for better understanding the volatility-export nexus, (iii) the impact of volatility is country and commodity-specific, (iv) exchange rate volatility shows higher impacts on capital and consumption goods export. Lastly, exchange rate volatility affects exports in opposite directions in the short and long-run. Both low and high volatility generally increase (decrease) Turkey's exports in the short-run (long-run). These results provide important implications for policymakers. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Central Bank of The Republic of Turkey.
The impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy: Evidence from Turkish firms
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2021) Takmaz, Sefa; Evrim Mandaci, Pınar; Durukan, M. Banu
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the propensity to pay dividends and investigate whether the catering theory is valid in an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach The sample of this study comprises listed firms on the stock market of Turkey, Borsa Istanbul, with 2,438 observations during the period 1999-2015. In line with previous studies in the literature, appropriate control variables are used that may have an impact on Turkish firms' dividend policy. Control variables are examined in the likelihood of paying dividends by using Fama-Macbeth (1973) style cross-sectional logistic regressions. In addition, the linkage between the dividend premium and the propensity to pay is revealed to test the validity of the catering theory. Findings The findings of the study confirm the tenets of the catering theory for Turkey. When a positive dividend premium exists, that is when investors demand dividend, firms cater them and distribute dividend; on the contrary, when there is no demand, firms prefer not to pay. The effect of catering incentives on the dividend policy provides useful information for managers because the catering theory claims that investors' demand for dividends has an impact on the valuation of firms. Originality/value In the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis, Turkey implemented far-reaching reforms and policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of capital markets and to overcome the obstacles sourcing from their culture and civil law origin. With the adoption of these major economic and structural reforms, as a civil law origin country, Turkey has managed to ameliorate the protection of investors as in common law countries. Ferris et al. (2009) state that the catering theory is applicable to firms in common law countries but not in civil law countries. In addition, prior research is not so extensive regarding the impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy of firms in emerging markets. The results of the analyses suggest that the catering theory is valid for Turkey as a civil law origin emerging country, and to the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first to test the catering theory in the Turkish capital markets.
State business relations and the dynamics of job flows in Egypt and Turkey
(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Samuk, Sahizer
Long-standing challenges concerning unemployment and the role of government have been the dominant underlying themes in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Effective State-Business Relations (SBRs) comprise a set of highly responsive and public interactions between the state and the business sector. The aim of this study is to explore the dynamics of net job creation rates in Egypt and Turkey, and the role of the SBRs, including various firm characteristics. The analysis relies on firm-level data derived from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys over the period 2008-2013. We implement the weighted ordinary least squares (OLS). Furthermore, we apply an Instrumental Variables (IV) Approach and the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method for robustness check, to deal with the potential endogeneity issues coming from the self-reported statements and the possible degree of reverse causality between SBRs and the main outcomes of interest. Our findings suggest four major obstacles to SBRs, with constraints of access to finance and credit and political instability being the common major obstacles in the two countries explored. Corruption and lack of proper infrastructure in electricity in Egypt are found to be the next two main obstacles in SBRs, while tax rates and competition from the informal sector are identified as the other two main obstacles in Turkey. The results show that obstacles in SBRs contribute negatively to the net job creation. According to these findings, policy implications include the need to make SBRs operate more efficiently, investments on proper infrastructure and policies that minimize corruption and political instability.
The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour market outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design
(Wiley, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Dağlıoğlu, Cansu; Gerede, Cemaleddin
Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.
The effect of regional competitiveness operational programme on employment: an empirical assessment for the Central Anatolia of Turkey
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Bahceci, Cansu
Regional Competitiveness Operational Programme (RCOP) is one of the policies which aims to increase the competitiveness of the poorest regions of Turkey by supporting enterprises and creating employment opportunities. This study aims to investigate whether RCOP has generated more employment opportunities in the East-Central Anatolia Region compared to its neighbor called West-Central Anatolia Region. As an identification strategy, we implement Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, and for the robustness check, we apply DiD with Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The entire analysis relies on data derived from the Household Labor Force Survey between 2004 and 2017. Our findings show that RCOP increased only the employment rate of young people aged between 15-24. We find no evidence of a positive effect for people over 24 years old. Governments in other countries which are also concerned about unemployment and vulnerability among youth could implement similar policies. Even though the programme has been effective in increasing the youth employment rate, the employment gap between men and women persists in favor of men in all age groups, including the youth. This finding offers an insight into the necessity of additional policies to increase female employment and close the gender gap in employment opportunities.
Household disability costs and living standards in Turkey: evidence from a health reform
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Samuk, Sahizer
Purpose In this study, we attempt to estimate the disability costs of households employing the Standard of Livings (SoL) approach and evaluate the impact of the Universal health system reform implemented in Turkey in 2008. Design/methodology/approach We apply a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), which simultaneously estimates the disability and living standard equations, including unobserved latent variables. Moreover, we apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework to investigate the impact of the universal health insurance (UHI) system and the Green Card programme on living standards. The empirical analysis relies on data derived from the cross-sectional Household Budget Surveys (HBS) during the period 2002-2013. Findings Our findings suggest a negative and significant impact of disability on SoL, where disability costs reach the 23% of the household income, which is equivalent almost to $2,600 (USD). Furthermore, the disability costs are reduced from $4,450 to $2,260 due to the UHI and the Green Card programme. Research limitations/implications A major limitation of the study is the data structure, which is based on repeated cross-sectional surveys. By using panel data, it is possible to follow the same individual across time and to implement panel data models to control for unobserved heterogeneity and omitted-variable bias. Social implications Disability has adverse effects on living standards. The estimation of the disability-related costs may provide a useful guide on policy planning and the design of social benefits. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is that it is the first study estimating the disability-related costs in Turkey. Furthermore, the contribution lies in the investigation of the 2008 health reform and the Green Card programme and its impact on disability costs.

Güncel Gönderiler