Uluslararası Ticaret ve İşletmecilik Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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Bir kurumsal mantık olarak Türk töresi ve onun yönetsel aktörler üzerindeki şekillendiriciliği: Kutadgu Bilig temelinde bir inceleme
(2022) Gürler, Gökhan; Ersoy, Ahmet Yağmur; Taş, Ali
Bu çalışma bir kurumsal mantık olarak töreyi örgüt teorisi yazınının gündemine taşımak amacıyla yapılmıştır ve çalışmanın odak noktasını merkez bir kurumsal mantık olarak nitelendirilen Türk Töresi oluşturmaktadır. Bu odak noktası temelinde araştırmada şu üç soruya cevap aranmıştır; birincisi, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin hâkim değerleri nelerdir? ikincisi, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin yönetsel aktörler üzerinde nasıl bir şekillendirici gücü bulunmaktadır?Üçüncüsü bir kurumsal mantık olarak Türk töresinde bilginin kaynağı olarak neresi/nereleri ve/veya hangi kaynaklar ön plana çıkmaktadır?sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Bu sorular çerçevesinde araştırma Kutadgu Bilig temelinde bir incelemeye dayanmaktadır. Bahsedilen sorular temelindeki incelemede adaletin, iyilik-faydalılığın, eşitlik ile insanlık ve hoşgörünün töre kurumsal mantığının hâkim değerleri olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra inceleme sonuçları, bir kurumsal mantık olarak törenin beyin görevlerini ve bu görevlerin nasıl yerine getirileceğini tanımlama, bir beyin sahip olması gereken vasıfları belirleme ve beylik için gerekli olan güç kaynağının kontrolü üzerinden yönetsel aktörler üzerinde önemli bir şekillendiriciliğe sahip olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Well-being of old natives and immigrants in Europe: does the socio-cultural integration matter?
(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi
The first aim of the study is to explore the determinants of socio-cultural integration and to compare the degree of this integration between natives and immigrants. The second aim is to examine the relationship between socio-cultural integration and the subjective well-being (SWB) of both natives and migrant populations. We use panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe across the period 2004-2017 in 29 countries. We apply seemingly unrelated regressions (SURE) to explore the simultaneous relationship between socio-cultural integration and well-being. We consider first and second-generation immigrants and also immigrants from different countries of origin. Our findings suggest that first-generation immigrants are less likely to participate in the socio-cultural activities explored. However, those who are engaged in those activities, participate more frequently than natives. Furthermore, even though immigrants report lower levels of SWB, the latter is significantly enhanced with socio-cultural integration.
Disability specific equivalence scales: a case-control approach applied to the cost of acquired brain injuries
(Springer, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Menon, Martina; Perali, Federico
This study estimates the household costs resulting from acquired brain injuries in terms of a reduction in the standard of living. The application uses primary data collected in the Verona and Florence provinces of Italy integrating highly detailed health information with information about consumption, income, wealth, time-use and relational well-being describing the standard of living. In general, the estimates of disability costs in previous studies are obtained from survey data without a specific focus on individuals with disabilities but collect information on the general health status. In contrast, this study exploits highly detailed information on a sample of cases with a disability, whose intensity is measured by the highly precise European quality of life measure-5 domain-5 (EQ-5D) instrument, to be compared with a sample of control formed by households without disabled members. The disability scales have been estimated using a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based procedure. We then implement interpersonal comparisons on the health income dimension in a theoretically plausible way, testing the independence hypothesis of equivalence scales. Our study finds that on average disabled households need an additional amount of about euro1800 per month to reach the same standard of livings as the non-disabled households corresponding to a scale of 1.78.
Cultural participation and extra disability and health costs of Syrian migrants in Turkey
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Giovanis, Elefherios
PurposeThe effects of disability are well recognised by the social security systems worldwide. This study aims to examine the disability and health-related costs of Syrian migrants in Turkey using the standard of living (SoL) approach. Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis relies on primary data collected from 1,067 Syrian migrants in Turkey, and the author applies the ordered Probit model. The SoL is operationalized by frequency of attendance to a Turkish theatrical play or movie, inviting Turkish friends for food and attending a theatrical play or movie with Turkish friends. FindingsThe findings show that health problems and disability are negatively related to the frequency of participation in socio-cultural activities. Moreover, employed, wealthier and educated Syrian migrants participate more frequently in the social and cultural activities explored. Practical implicationsThe results show that the costs range between 9% and 38%, which translates in monetary values between 3,700 and 10,700 Turkish Liras (TL) per annum or between US$530 and US$1,530 expressed in 2020 values. These findings highlight the significant cost and burden that disability and health problems may put in migrant households. Social implicationsPolicies encouraging immigrants to participate in socio-cultural events, particularly those with disabilities and health issues, may promote their integration into the host society's social and cultural values. Furthermore, policies improving employment opportunities, income and educational attainment of Syrian migrants may enhance their participation in socio-cultural activities. Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study exploring the disability and health costs of migrants related to integration and participation in cultural activities.
Exchange rate volatility and export in Turkey: Does the nexus vary across the type of commodity?
(Central Bank Republic Turkey, 2022) Tarakçı, Doğukan; Ölmez, Fevzi; Durusu-Ciftçi, Dilek
Turkey has experienced a rapid increase in exports during the last two decades. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the exchange rate and its volatility in recent years. Hence, the empirical examination of the volatility-export nexus in a comprehensive framework seems to be important to provide insights for policymakers. In this study, we investigate how the exchange rate volatility affects Turkey's exports to its major partners namely, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, the UK, and the USA for the period of 2002:01-2019:12. Considering the existence of an asymmetric effect of volatility on trade, we separate positive changes of volatility from negative changes via the partial sum concept and introduce nonlinearity into the estimation and testing procedure. Our results indicate that (i) exchange rate volatility plays quite important role for Turkey's export, (ii) asymmetry matters for better understanding the volatility-export nexus, (iii) the impact of volatility is country and commodity-specific, (iv) exchange rate volatility shows higher impacts on capital and consumption goods export. Lastly, exchange rate volatility affects exports in opposite directions in the short and long-run. Both low and high volatility generally increase (decrease) Turkey's exports in the short-run (long-run). These results provide important implications for policymakers. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Central Bank of The Republic of Turkey.
The impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy: Evidence from Turkish firms
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2021) Takmaz, Sefa; Evrim Mandaci, Pınar; Durukan, M. Banu
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the propensity to pay dividends and investigate whether the catering theory is valid in an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach The sample of this study comprises listed firms on the stock market of Turkey, Borsa Istanbul, with 2,438 observations during the period 1999-2015. In line with previous studies in the literature, appropriate control variables are used that may have an impact on Turkish firms' dividend policy. Control variables are examined in the likelihood of paying dividends by using Fama-Macbeth (1973) style cross-sectional logistic regressions. In addition, the linkage between the dividend premium and the propensity to pay is revealed to test the validity of the catering theory. Findings The findings of the study confirm the tenets of the catering theory for Turkey. When a positive dividend premium exists, that is when investors demand dividend, firms cater them and distribute dividend; on the contrary, when there is no demand, firms prefer not to pay. The effect of catering incentives on the dividend policy provides useful information for managers because the catering theory claims that investors' demand for dividends has an impact on the valuation of firms. Originality/value In the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis, Turkey implemented far-reaching reforms and policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of capital markets and to overcome the obstacles sourcing from their culture and civil law origin. With the adoption of these major economic and structural reforms, as a civil law origin country, Turkey has managed to ameliorate the protection of investors as in common law countries. Ferris et al. (2009) state that the catering theory is applicable to firms in common law countries but not in civil law countries. In addition, prior research is not so extensive regarding the impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy of firms in emerging markets. The results of the analyses suggest that the catering theory is valid for Turkey as a civil law origin emerging country, and to the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first to test the catering theory in the Turkish capital markets.
The effect of regional competitiveness operational programme on employment: an empirical assessment for the Central Anatolia of Turkey
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Bahceci, Cansu
Regional Competitiveness Operational Programme (RCOP) is one of the policies which aims to increase the competitiveness of the poorest regions of Turkey by supporting enterprises and creating employment opportunities. This study aims to investigate whether RCOP has generated more employment opportunities in the East-Central Anatolia Region compared to its neighbor called West-Central Anatolia Region. As an identification strategy, we implement Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, and for the robustness check, we apply DiD with Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The entire analysis relies on data derived from the Household Labor Force Survey between 2004 and 2017. Our findings show that RCOP increased only the employment rate of young people aged between 15-24. We find no evidence of a positive effect for people over 24 years old. Governments in other countries which are also concerned about unemployment and vulnerability among youth could implement similar policies. Even though the programme has been effective in increasing the youth employment rate, the employment gap between men and women persists in favor of men in all age groups, including the youth. This finding offers an insight into the necessity of additional policies to increase female employment and close the gender gap in employment opportunities.
State business relations and the dynamics of job flows in Egypt and Turkey
(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Samuk, Sahizer
Long-standing challenges concerning unemployment and the role of government have been the dominant underlying themes in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Effective State-Business Relations (SBRs) comprise a set of highly responsive and public interactions between the state and the business sector. The aim of this study is to explore the dynamics of net job creation rates in Egypt and Turkey, and the role of the SBRs, including various firm characteristics. The analysis relies on firm-level data derived from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys over the period 2008-2013. We implement the weighted ordinary least squares (OLS). Furthermore, we apply an Instrumental Variables (IV) Approach and the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method for robustness check, to deal with the potential endogeneity issues coming from the self-reported statements and the possible degree of reverse causality between SBRs and the main outcomes of interest. Our findings suggest four major obstacles to SBRs, with constraints of access to finance and credit and political instability being the common major obstacles in the two countries explored. Corruption and lack of proper infrastructure in electricity in Egypt are found to be the next two main obstacles in SBRs, while tax rates and competition from the informal sector are identified as the other two main obstacles in Turkey. The results show that obstacles in SBRs contribute negatively to the net job creation. According to these findings, policy implications include the need to make SBRs operate more efficiently, investments on proper infrastructure and policies that minimize corruption and political instability.
The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour market outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design
(Wiley, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Dağlıoğlu, Cansu; Gerede, Cemaleddin
Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.
Youth multidimensional poverty and Its dynamics: Evidence from selected countries in the MENA region
(Routledge, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios
Young people in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are rarely recognized as a resource in decision-making processes and are systemically excluded from key policy areas on development. The aim of this article is to measure the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of youth and to explore its determinants in selected countries of the MENA region. The key value-added of the MPI is that it identifies poverty in the dimensions of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and it conveys additional information on the composition of poverty that is not captured in single-dimensional measures. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Household disability costs and living standards in Turkey: evidence from a health reform
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2021) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Samuk, Sahizer
Purpose In this study, we attempt to estimate the disability costs of households employing the Standard of Livings (SoL) approach and evaluate the impact of the Universal health system reform implemented in Turkey in 2008. Design/methodology/approach We apply a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), which simultaneously estimates the disability and living standard equations, including unobserved latent variables. Moreover, we apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework to investigate the impact of the universal health insurance (UHI) system and the Green Card programme on living standards. The empirical analysis relies on data derived from the cross-sectional Household Budget Surveys (HBS) during the period 2002-2013. Findings Our findings suggest a negative and significant impact of disability on SoL, where disability costs reach the 23% of the household income, which is equivalent almost to $2,600 (USD). Furthermore, the disability costs are reduced from $4,450 to $2,260 due to the UHI and the Green Card programme. Research limitations/implications A major limitation of the study is the data structure, which is based on repeated cross-sectional surveys. By using panel data, it is possible to follow the same individual across time and to implement panel data models to control for unobserved heterogeneity and omitted-variable bias. Social implications Disability has adverse effects on living standards. The estimation of the disability-related costs may provide a useful guide on policy planning and the design of social benefits. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is that it is the first study estimating the disability-related costs in Turkey. Furthermore, the contribution lies in the investigation of the 2008 health reform and the Green Card programme and its impact on disability costs.
Cultural participation in later life among older-aged immigrants in the Czech Republic
(Vysoka Skola Ekonomicka, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi
The first aim of the study is to compare the intensity of participation in cultural activities among natives, first- and second-generation immigrants in Czech Republic. The second aim is to examine whether the participation in those activities improves the emotional and psychological well-being of first-generation immigrants compared to the natives. The empirical analysis relies on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2017. We perform a system of simultaneous ordered probit models. To further improve our estimates, we apply an instrumental variables (IV) approach to reduce the endogeneity issue. The results show that natives report higher levels of psychological well- being, but there is no difference in cultural participation between the secondgeneration immigrants and natives. First-generation immigrants participate less frequently, except attending a sports match, where we find no difference in the frequency. However, in the majority of the cases, we conclude that immigrants participating in those activities are more likely to improve their well-being. Furthermore, there is no difference in cultural participation between immigrants and natives in areas characterized by high net migration rates. On the other hand, a lower frequency of participation is found in the areas with low net migration rates, indicating that migration and diversity in an area may encourage participation in the cultural activities explored in this study. Finally, the length of residence and mixed marriages are related with a higher frequency of cultural participation. The findings suggest that fostering accessibility of cultural activities and migration policies should be regarded.
Regional employment support programs and multidimensional poverty of youth in Turkey
(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Özdamar, Öznur
Poverty rates amongst youth are high even in the most developed countries in the world. The aim of alleviating poverty in many nations, therefore, remains a significant issue. To comprehend the risks posed by poverty, its dimension and the process by which it can become deeper must be identified and recognized. A broad consensus among policy makers, academic and other institutions is that poverty can be a mixture of various monetary and non-monetary components. These components can limit people's capacity to achieve their ability and affect their well-being. Therefore, the socio-economic growth of a family and the increase in welfare of a country should be defined in the combination of both monetary and non-monetary aspects. In this study, we aim to estimate the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the young and the general population in Turkey over the period 2006-2015. The results of the study show a significant reduction in youth poverty, especially in the Eastern part of the country in the period we explore. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of the 2012 Regional Investment Incentive Scheme on the MPI of the youth population. The findings suggest that the Regional Investment Incentive Scheme had a positive impact on the poverty level in the Eastern part of Turkey, which is the major region of the policy's interest.
Who is left behind? Altruism of giving, happiness and mental health during the Covid-19 period in the UK
(Springer, 2020) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Özdamar, Öznur
The UK government has decided to implement lockdown measures at the end of March 2020 as a response to the outbreak and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. As a consequence, households have experienced job losses and a significant drop in their finances. During these unprecedented and difficult times, people provide financial assistance to those who are in need and have to cope with falls in their living standards. In this study we are interested to investigate the subjective well-being, which is expressed by mental health and components of general happiness, of the givers rather than of receivers. We apply a difference-in-differences framework to investigate the impact of altruism on the givers' SWB in the UK. Altruism is denoted by transfers made to adult children, parents, siblings, and friends. Using the DiD estimator and the estimated coefficient of the household income we calculate the implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for altruism. We perform various regressions by gender and racial-ethnic background using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). The analysis shows that altruistic behaviours impact different domains of SWB between men and women, as well as, among people with different racial-ethnic background.
Impact of the EU Blue Card programme on cultural participation and subjective well-being of migrants in Germany
(Public Library Science, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Özdamar, Öznur
The first aim of this study is to investigate the role of the EU Blue Card programme implemented in 2012 in Germany. In particular, we aim to explore the impact on the participation in cultural activities of first-generation non-European Union (EU) and non-European Economic Area (EEA) migrants, such as attendance to cinema, concerts and theatre. The second aim is to examine the impact of cultural activities on subjective well-being (SWB), measured by life satisfaction. We compare the cultural participation and life satisfaction between the treatment group that is the non-EU/EEA first-generation immigrants and the control group that consists, not only of natives and second-generation immigrants but also composes of EU/EEA first-generation immigrants who are not eligible to the programme. We will apply a sharp and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD) within a seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE) system using the Ordered Probit method. The empirical analysis relies on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) survey over the period 2015-2018. The results show that the treated subjects experience an increase in cultural participation activities and an improvement in their SWB, as a result of the EU Blue Card programme, compared to the control group. Participation in classical music performance, opera or theatre influences more the SWB compared to other cultural activities. Policies that promote labour market integration and participation in cultural activities will enable immigrants to integrate into the social norms of the host societies and improve their SWB.
The effect of unemployment benefits on health and living standards in Turkey: evidence from structural equation modelling and regression discontinuity design
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Özdamar, Öznur; Özdaş, Burcu
Purpose Unemployment can negatively affect individuals, their families and communities in various ways. When individuals are out of work may experience mental and physical health problems, material deprivation and poverty. This study aims to examine the impact of unemployment benefits on health and living standards in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a structural equation modelling (SEM) to consider the simultaneous relationships among the unemployment benefits and the latent variables of health and Standard of Living (SoL). We propose a fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (FRDD) and a Regression Kink Design (RKD) within the SEM framework to infer causality. For the empirical analysis, the authors employ the panel Income and Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) in 2007-2015. Findings The authors' findings suggest that those who receive these benefits are more likely to report higher levels of health and improve their living standards compared to the non-recipients. Furthermore, unemployment benefits replacement rates are associated with improved levels in health and living standards. The authors' results indicate a substantial heterogeneity on the impact of unemployment benefits since males, low educated individuals and those belonging to the lower levels of income are affected more in terms of their health status and living standards. Originality/value The majority of earlier studies have focused on the impact of unemployment benefits on labor outcomes. The originality of this study is that we implement the FRDD and RKD within the SEM framework to explore, simultaneously, the impact of unemployment insurance on health and living standards. Moreover, future research studies can implement this framework to infer causality and explore the impact of related policies and reforms.
Integration policies in Spain and Sweden: Do they matter for migrants' economic integration and socio-cultural participation?
(Sage Publications Inc, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi
The aim of this study is to explore the impact of integration policies, implemented in Spain and Sweden, on first-generation migrants' economic integration and socio-cultural participation. Different policies targeting migrants' economic and political integration, social inclusion, and cultural participation have been adopted by countries in Europe and across the globe for years. However, little is known about their impact on migrant's economic and socio-cultural integration. We explore the Strategic Plan on Citizenship and Integration (PECI) I in 2007 to 2010 and PECI II in 2011 to 2014 implemented in Spain. For Sweden, we examine the Integration Plans of 2008 and 2014. We apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework. The findings suggest that the integration policies in Spain had a positive effect in some domains of the socio-cultural and economic integration for EU migrants, while a negative impact is found for the non-EU immigrants. On the other hand, the results for the integration in Sweden show a weak effect. Integration policies should identify the barriers of migrants' social inclusion and recognize their needs for their successful economic and socio-cultural integration in the host societies.
The impact of migration flows on well-being of elderly natives and migrants: Evidence from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe
(Springer, 2020) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Giovanis, Eleftherios
Immigration has been a long-standing contentious issue across the globe. According to a recent report published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in 2015, the majority of people in the Northern and Western European countries report positive perceptions towards immigration compared to those of the Southern European countries. However, little is known about how migration affects the well-being of old aged people. The main aim of this study is to examine the association between net migration rates and the subjective and objective well-being of old-aged natives in Europe, using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe during the period of 2004-2017. The estimates will also take place across different regions and across various groups such as gender, age, education level, and first- and second-generation migrants. In addition to the conventional methods, such as the ordinary least squares (OLS) used to analyse the relevant associations, we also apply an instrumental variables (IV) approach to account for possible endogeneity in migration. The results are mixed as we find a positive impact of migration on the subjective well-being and wages of natives and second-generation immigrants in the Northern/Western and Eastern European countries, and a negative impact in the Southern region.

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