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Öğe A comparison of the relationship between individual values and aggressive driving in five countries(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Fındık, Gizem; Kaçan, Bilgesu; Solmazer, Gaye; Ersan, Özlem; Zihni, Yeşim Üzumcüoğlu; Azık, Derya; Xheladini, GentianeValues are supposed to transcend specific situations and contexts. A country-independent relationship is expected between individual values and aggressive driving. The purpose of this novel study was to investigate the relationship between individual values and aggressive driving. The data were collected from five countries, namely, Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. The number of participants was 124 in Estonian, 272 in Greek, 107 in Kosovar, 132 in Russian, and 87 in Turkish samples. Participants filled out a demographic information form, Driver Anger Indicators Scale, and Short-Schwartz's Value Survey. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that values are related to aggressive driving (i.e., aggressive warnings, hostile aggression and revenge) of self and not to perceived aggressive behaviours of others. Value types were not related to aggressive driving, whereas higher-order values were. Conservation was negatively associated with aggressive warnings of self in the Greek sample, and self-transcendence was negatively associated with hostile aggression and revenge of self in Turkish as well as Greek samples. Social focus was negatively and personal focus was positively associated with both types of aggressive driving in the Greek sample. Social focus was also negatively associated with hostile aggression and revenge in the Russian sample. Growth anxiety-free was negatively associated with hostile aggression and revenge of self in Russian and Turkish samples. The relationships between values and aggressive driving (of self) were not country-independent for the five countries, even though the lack of significant relationships between values and aggressive driving (of others) were country-independent.Öğe Cross-cultural differences in driver aggression, aberrant, and positive driver behaviors(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Ersan, Özlem; Üzumcüoğlu, Yeşim; Azık, Derya; Fındık, Gizem; Kaçan, Bilgesu; Solmazer, Gaye; Xheladini, GentianeThe present study investigated differences in driver aggression for self and others within countries and cultural differences between driver aggression, aberrant, and positive driver behaviors across five countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey). It was predicted that drivers from these five countries differ significantly in terms of driver aggression for self and others, aberrant, and positive driver behaviors. In the study, 743 participants completed the questionnaire package, including the Driver Aggression Indicators Scale (DAIS), the short version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) with items from the Positive Driver Behavior Scale, and the Demographic Information Form. Paired samples T-tests were conducted to examine the differences in driving aggression between self and others in the five countries. The results indicated that, except for Russian drivers, drivers reported that other drivers had higher driver aggression than themselves. To examine the cross-cultural differences, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests were conducted for the two dimensions of the DAIS (hostile aggression and revenge, and aggressive warnings) and the three dimensions of the DBQ with items from the Positive Driver Behavior Scale (errors, violations, and positive driver behaviors). Cross-country item-based comparisons were then made for the DAIS and the DBQ. The ANCOVA results showed significant differences in both item-based and subscale comparisons. Russian drivers were significantly different from other drivers in terms of hostile aggression and the revenge subscales of the DAIS and positive driver behaviors. Turkish drivers were significantly different from other drivers in several items of the DBQ, including errors and violations. The findings suggest that culture-specific strategies might be conducted for traffic-related anger management. Furthermore, differences in errors and violations among the five countries may be due to cultural differences. Positive driver behaviors might be better promoted in countries by drawing on their distinct cultural road safety strategies. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Cross-cultural differences in pedestrian behaviors in relation to values: A comparison of five countries(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Solmazer, Gaye; Azık, Derya; Fındık, Gizem; Üzumcüoğlu, Yeşim; Ersan, Özlem; Kaçan, Bilgesu; Xheladini, GentianeThis study compared pedestrian behaviors in five countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey) and investigated the relationships between these behaviors and values in each country. The study participants were 131 pedestrians for Estonia, 249 for Greece, 112 for Kosovo, 176 for Russia, and 145 for Turkey. The principal component analyses revealed that the four-factor structure of the Pedestrian Behavior Scale (PBS) was highly consistent across the five countries. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences between countries on the PBS items and scale scores. Specifically, Greek and Turkish participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Kosovar, and Russian pedestrians while Kosovar participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors less frequently than Estonian pedestrians. In addition, Turkish and Russian pedestrians reported lapses and aggressive behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Greek, and Kosovar pedestrians. Finally, Turkish and Estonian pedestrians reported positive behaviors more frequently than Kosovar pedestrians. Unexpectedly, the regression analyses showed that values have varying effects on pedestrian behavior in the five countries. That is, context or country may determine the effect of values on pedestrian behaviors. The results are discussed in relation to the previous literature.Öğe Driver profiles based on values and traffic safety climate and their relationships with driver behaviors(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Kaçan, Bilgesu; Fındık, Gizem; Üzümcüoğlu, Yeşim; Azık, Derya; Solmazer, Gaye; Ersan, Özlem; Xheladini, GentianeDrivers have an important place in the traffic system when the human factor is taken into consideration. Drivers from different cultures are exposed to different values, norms, and traffic systems, and these differences may form various driver behaviors. Thus, traffic climate and individual values can impact driver behaviors. In this study, the relationships between Schwartz's individual values and traffic climate dimensions were examined. Clusters were then created from the traffic climate dimensions and individual values, and the differences in driver behavior within these clusters were investigated. In order to examine similarities and differences between countries, the results from 5 countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey) are presented. Correlational analyses indicated that, while internal requirements and self-transcendence are positively related in all countries, external affective demands and conservation are positively related in Estonia, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. Additionally, external affective demands and self-transcendence are positively related in Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. A three-cluster structure fitted the data well in all of the five countries. Within-country differences were observed in clusters of Russian and Turkish data in terms of driver behaviors. The detailed results are presented and discussed in relation to the literature. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Duygu düzenleme stratejileri ve sürücü öfke ifadeleri: Cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü(2020) Güngör, Atakan; Tütenkan, Mert; Solmazer, Gaye; Tekeş, BurcuBu çalışmanın amacı duygu düzenleme stratejilerinden bilişsel yeniden değerlendirme ve bastırmanın sürücü öfkeifadeleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Ayrıca, bu ilişkilerde cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü de incelenmiştir.Araştırmanın örneklemini ehliyet sahibi ve en az bir yıldır aktif olarak araç kullanan, 18-63 yaş aralığında bulunan,325 (132 kadın, 193 erkek) katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada, Duygu Düzenleme Anketi (DDA) ve Sürücü Öfkeİfadesi Envanteri (SÖİE) kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, bilişsel yeniden değerlendirmenin uyumsağlayıcı/yapıcı ifade ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu, bastırmanın ise bu ifade ile negatif yönde ilişkili olduğubulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Bilişsel yeniden değerlendirme ile öfke ifade indeksi (sözle, bedenle, araçla ifade) arasındakiilişkide cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü marjinal olarak anlamlıdır. Anlamlı olmamasına rağmen, kadınlarda bilişselyeniden değerlendirme arttıkça öfke ifade indeksinin azaldığına ilişkin bir eğilim olduğu, erkeklerde ise böyle bireğilim olmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca bastırma ile öfke ifade indeksi arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyetin düzenleyicietkisinin anlamlılık eğilimi vardır. Erkek sürücülerde bastırmanın öfke ifade indeksiyle (sözle, bedenle, araçla ifade)pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu fakat kadınlarda böyle bir ilişkinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Araştırmanın güçlü yönleri,sınırlılıkları ve katkıları ilgili alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştırÖğe Kurgu seviyesi kuramı perspektifinden sosyal uzaklığın etkisi: öz-şefkatin rolü(2022) Özkan, Türker; Solmazer, GayeBu çalışmanın amacı, Kurgu Seviyesi Kuramı (KSK) çerçevesinde, öz-şefkatin sosyal olarak uzak veya yakın olayları kurgulama üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Öz-şefkat puanları arttıkça, kendileri için seçim yapan kişilerin düşük seviye özelliklere, bir başkası için öneride bulunan kişilerin ise yüksek seviye özelliklere verdiği önemin azalacağı hipotezi öne sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği, Davranış Tanımlama Formu, ödev partneri seçme görevi kullanılmıştır. Seçkisiz olarak iki koşuldan birine atanan katılımcılardan ya kendileri için bir ödev partneri seçmeleri ya da diğer bir kişi için bir ödev partneri önermeleri istenmiştir. Ayrıca olası iki partnerin bazı özelliklerinin öneminin değerlendirilmesi de istenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın örneklemini toplam 187 öğrenci (107 kadın, 80 erkek; Ortyaş =22.37, Syaş= 3.10) oluşturmaktadır. Karma varyans analizi sosyal uzaklığın kurgu seviyesi üzerindeki etkisinin beklenmeyen yönde olduğunu göstermektedir. Daha açık bir şekilde, bireylerin kendileri için ödev partneri seçtiği koşulda, yüksek seviye özelliğin öneminin, düşük seviye özelliğin önemine kıyasla, anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak, bir başkası için öneride bulunma koşulunda anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma genel olarak KSK'nin önermelerine destek sağlayamamıştır. Bootstrap analizi, öz-şefkat ve sosyal uzaklığın düşük seviye özelliğin önemi üzerindeki etkileşim etkisinin anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, regresyon analizi, öz-şefkat ile kişilik özelliği kurgu seviyesi arasındaki ilişkiyi göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın öz-şefkat ile kurgu seviyesi arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin ön bulgu sunduğu tartışılabilir.Öğe The relationship between cultural value orientations and the changes in mobility during the covid-19 pandemic: A national-level analysis(Frontiers Media Sa, 2021) Atalay, Selin; Solmazer, GayeThis study investigated the relationship between cultural value orientations and country-specific changes in mobility during the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim was to understand how cultural values relate to mobility behavior during the initial stages of the pandemic. The aggregated data include Schwartz's cultural orientations, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, number of Covid-19 cases per million, and mobility change during the Covid-19 pandemic (Google Mobility Reports; percentage decrease in retail and recreation mobility, transit station mobility, workplace mobility and percentage mobility increase in residential areas). Regression analyses showed that, after controlling for economy and severity of disease, hierarchy was the primary factor reducing mobility, such as staying at home, and mobility in public spaces, such as avoiding retail and recreation sites (marginally significant). The results are discussed in the light of previous literature and the implications for social distancing measures.Öğe The relationship between self and other in aggressive driving and driver behaviors across countries(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Ersan, Özlem; Üzumcüoğlu, Yeşim; Azık, Derya; Fındık, Gizem; Kaçan, Bilgesu; Solmazer, Gaye; Xheladini, GentianeThe main aim of the present study was to investigate the moderating role of aggressive driving of others on the relationship between self-reported aggressive driving behaviors committed by driver himself/herself and drivers' aberrant and positive driver behaviors (i.e. errors, violations, and positive driver behaviors) among drivers from Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey as the total sample in order to understand the grand pattern. The other aim was to examine the same moderating role of aggressive driving for each country separately. It was hypothesized that the combination of self-reported of aggressive driving behaviors committed by the driver himself/herself and perceiving aggressive acts of other drivers against them associates with more errors and violations for each country and the total sample. On the other hand, this combination was expected to associate with less positive driver behaviors. Surveys were completed by 743 participants from five countries (i.e., Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey). The Driver Anger Indicators Scale (DAIS) and the short version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) with items of Positive Driver Behavior Scale were used as measurement tools. Moderation analyses were conducted for the total sample and each country separately. The results of the moderation analyses indicated that there was a moderating role of perceiving other drivers as engaging in aggressive behaviors on the relationship between aggressive behaviors of the driver himself/herself and their errors or violations in the total sample and every country except for Russia. However, the significant interaction between aggressive behaviors committed by the driver himself/herself and other drivers' aggressive acts in traffic was related to more positive driver behaviors for Kosovar drivers and less positive driver behaviors for Russian drivers and the total sample. It could be discussed that the way of understanding aggressive behaviors for self and other related to aberrant and positive driver behaviors in traffic may be important to manage aggression for individual level and country level. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The relationship between traffic sign comprehension and risky traffic behaviors(2021) Alkan, Havva Nur; Solmazer, Gaye; Tekeş, BurcuThe current study investigates the relationship between risky traffic behaviors and traffic sign comprehension (TSC). It is hypothesized that, as traffic sign comprehension increases, unsafe traffic behaviors decrease. The data were collected online through Qualtrics from 275 participants, 177 of whom were drivers. The questionnaire package included 25 open-ended traffic sign questions, Pedestrian Behavior Scale, Mini-Driver Behavior Questionnaire with 3 additional aggressive violation items, and a demographic information form. The results indicated that TSC was significantly related to reported driver errors and lapses after controlling for age and gender. In addition, pedestrian-related TSC was significantly related to reported pedestrian transgressions, lapses, aggressive behaviors, and positive behaviors after controlling for age, gender, driver's license, and driving experience. Generally, the results were consistent with the expectations: the better that road users (drivers and pedestrians) understand traffic signs, the fewer drivers and pedestrians reported unsafe behaviors (errors and lapses for drivers; transgressions, aggressive behaviors, and lapses for pedestrians), and the more pedestrians reported positive behaviors. This finding can be explained by the fact that as the need of people to understand traffic signs increases, they avoid behaviors that will lead to accidents in traffic. For this reason, it can be predicted that comprehensively introducing children to traffic signs from an early age will contribute positively to road safety.Öğe Road users' evaluations and perceptions of road infrastructure, trip characteristics, and daily trip experiences across countries(Elsevier, 2021) Azik, Derya; Solmazer, Gaye; Ersan, Ozlem; Kacan, Bilgesu; Findik, Gizem; Uzumcuoglu, Yesim; Ozkan, TuerkerGovernments in every country have made attempts to encourage road safety, and road users' perceptions of these attempts are crucial to understanding community needs and the effectiveness of road safety initiatives. However, while many studies compare countries with respect to fatality rates or possible causative factors related to these fatalities, little is known about how road users in different countries evaluate and perceive their tangible road environments from their own points of view. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to statistically explore drivers'-motorcyclists', pedestrians', cyclists' and public transport users' evaluations and perceptions of road infrastructure, trip characteristics and daily trip experiences in Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. In total, 1221 participants completed a questionnaire battery that included different sets of questions for different types of road users. Chi-Square analysis was used to examine the similarities and differences in the evaluations and perceptions of different road users across five countries. The main findings suggest that all road users across the five countries evaluated environmental characteristics significantly differently from each other. No similar trend could be observed within and between road users and countries. This is a quantitative study that provides descriptive information about road users' perceptions and evaluations across countries, which can be used for both conceptual and practical purposes. In future studies, this study finding can be used for system-based interventions and may inform government regulation on human or human-environmental interactive factors in order to improve regional and overall road safety.Öğe Self-compassion and driving anger expression among young drivers: the mediating role of anger rumination(Springer, 2021) Solmazer, Gaye; Cebeci, Elif Özlem; Demircan, Yaren; Karasakal, Seçil Gözde; Yakın, NazlıcanDriving anger expression is a detrimental factor for traffic safety, suggesting that there is a need to investigate protective factors against anger expression and their underlying mechanisms, especially for young drivers. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of anger rumination on the relationship between self-compassion and driving anger expression. The final sample included 191 drivers ranging from 18 to 30 years in age who drove the least 1000 km in the previous year. These participants completed an online questionnaire package measuring self-compassion, driving anger expression and anger rumination in addition to some demographic items. As predicted, self-compassion was negatively related to total aggressive expression but positively related to constructive/adaptive anger expression. Self-compassion was also indirectly related to both aggressive and constructive/adaptive driving anger expression via total anger rumination and some anger rumination dimensions. The findings were discussed in relation to the previous literature.
