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Öğe Attitudes towards Syrian refugees in Türkiye: Does cosmopolitanism matter?(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Özdamar, Öznur; Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiThis paper empirically investigates the possible relationship between cosmopolitanism and attitudes towards Syrian refugees in Turkiye. Previous research has emphasised that factors determining cosmopolitanism can also influence attitudes towards refugees and immigrants. However, no study has documented evidence of the link between these factors and the attitudes of Turkish people towards Syrian refugees. We use a unique data set covering 1031 individuals born in different provinces of Turkiye. The survey was carried out in Mersin, Adana, Mardin, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa and Hatay, where a higher number of Syrians reside compared to other provinces of Turkiye. Attitudes towards Syrians are measured by asking their opinion on whether the Turkish government should provide citizenship and welfare benefits to Syrian refugees. Findings show that those with cosmopolitan orientations, people who have been or lived abroad in the past, and individuals who know at least one foreign language and participated in cultural activities while being in another country are more tolerant of refugees. Although government legitimates the refugee issue to the Turkish society within the religious discourse since the beginning of war, religious people are not different in tolerance towards Syrian refugees than non-religious people in Turkiye.Öğe Cultural Integration of First-Generation Immigrants: Evidence from European Union Countries(Digital Initiatives Univ Waterloo Lib, 2023) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiIn this study, we aim to explore and compare the frequency of attendance and the reasons for non-attendance to cultural activities between natives and first-generation immigrants in thirteen European countries. The empirical analysis relies on data from the special module on cultural participation in the European Union-Income and Living Conditions Survey (EU-SILC) in 2015. We apply the Probit and multinomial Probit models. This study contributes to the literature by exploring the determinants of cultural participation and comparing the frequency of participation in cultural activities between natives and first-generation immigrants. Furthermore, the study explores the reasons for non-participation in cultural activities, highlighting potential differences between countries and between the European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants. The results highlight that social interactions depend on several factors related mainly to the country of destination and employment opportunities and individual factors related to the migrant, including demographic and economic characteristics and the length of residence in the host country. The findings show that the length of residence of immigrants in the host countries is positively correlated with a higher frequency of attendance, indicating that cultural participation can be, by its nature, a long-term process or experienced activity. The findings also show that in most cases, migrants do not attend the cultural activities we explore because of financial constraints and not due to lack of interest. Thus, this highlights that the economic integration of migrants could be the primary driver of cultural participation and integration.Öğe Cultural Integration of First-Generation Immigrants: Evidence from European Union Countries(Digital Initiatives Univ Waterloo Lib, 2023) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiIn this study, we aim to explore and compare the frequency of attendance and the reasons for nonattendance to cultural activities between natives and first-generation immigrants in thirteen European countries. The empirical analysis relies on data from the special module on cultural participation in the European Union-Income and Living Conditions Survey (EU-SILC) in 2015. We apply the Probit and multinomial Probit models. This study contributes to the literature by exploring the determinants of cultural participation and comparing the frequency of participation in cultural activities between natives and first-generation immigrants. Furthermore, the study explores the reasons for non-participation in cultural activities, highlighting potential differences between countries and between the European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants. The results highlight that social interactions depend on several factors related mainly to the country of destination and employment opportunities and individual factors related to the migrant, including demographic and economic characteristics and the length of residence in the host country. The findings show that the length of residence of immigrants in the host countries is positively correlated with a higher frequency of attendance, indicating that cultural participation can be, by its nature, a long-term process or experienced activity. The findings also show that in most cases, migrants do not attend the cultural activities we explore because of financial constraints and not due to lack of interest. Thus, this highlights that the economic integration of migrants could be the primary driver of cultural participation and integration.Öğe Cultural participation in later life among older-aged immigrants in the Czech Republic(Vysoka Skola Ekonomicka, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiThe first aim of the study is to compare the intensity of participation in cultural activities among natives, first- and second-generation immigrants in Czech Republic. The second aim is to examine whether the participation in those activities improves the emotional and psychological well-being of first-generation immigrants compared to the natives. The empirical analysis relies on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2017. We perform a system of simultaneous ordered probit models. To further improve our estimates, we apply an instrumental variables (IV) approach to reduce the endogeneity issue. The results show that natives report higher levels of psychological well- being, but there is no difference in cultural participation between the secondgeneration immigrants and natives. First-generation immigrants participate less frequently, except attending a sports match, where we find no difference in the frequency. However, in the majority of the cases, we conclude that immigrants participating in those activities are more likely to improve their well-being. Furthermore, there is no difference in cultural participation between immigrants and natives in areas characterized by high net migration rates. On the other hand, a lower frequency of participation is found in the areas with low net migration rates, indicating that migration and diversity in an area may encourage participation in the cultural activities explored in this study. Finally, the length of residence and mixed marriages are related with a higher frequency of cultural participation. The findings suggest that fostering accessibility of cultural activities and migration policies should be regarded.Öğe Determinants of the attribution of poverty in Turkey: An empirical analysis(Springer, 2022) Özpınar, Şansel; Akdede, Sacit HadiThis study explored poverty attribution in terms of socio-economic factors, based on a survey of 1,110 participants living Turkey's three largest cities, namely Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. We include the following socio-economic variables: income, subjective class status, subjective destiny perception, education level, political position, gender, marital status, and age. Participants with higher education levels mostly explain poverty using structural reasons whereas participants with lower education levels tend to explain it with fatalistic reasons. Left- wing participants tend to explain poverty in terms of structural factors for reasons whereas right-wing participants tend to give individualistic reasons. Finally, men tend to offer more individualistic attributions of poverty than women do. Individualistic and structuralist approaches agree on several specific policies for reducing poverty whereas the fatalistic approach suggests different policies.Öğe Dominant Religion, Radical Right-Wing, and Social Trust: An Empirical Investigation(Istanbul Univ, Methodology & Sociology Research Center, 2023) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Hwang, Jinyoung; Keyifli, NazliThis paper empirically investigates the impact of dominant religion and radical right-wing political views on social trust, using data taken from the World Values Survey on 60 countries over the period 2010-2014. To supplement the existing literature, we consider both religion and political views at the same regression equation, and relatively recent data to reflect terrorism and anti-immigration policies in recent years. It is found that people living in Asian countries where Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, and Shintoism are the dominant religions trust others more than people living in Christian and Muslim countries. A plausible explanation is that Asian religions are closely related to the ethics of life regarding relations with neighbors, which may have a positive impact on trust among people. However, when classified according to the frequency of participation in prayer, it is observed that these religions may not have a distinctly discriminatory impact on social trust. The impact of radical right-wing political views on trust is negative and statistically significant, meaning that people with radical right-wing political views have a relatively lower social trust than others. The empirical results suggest that religion and political views influence trust and can be a factor in producing either harmony or division among people.Öğe The impact of migration flows on well-being of elderly natives and migrants: Evidence from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe(Springer, 2020) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Giovanis, EleftheriosImmigration has been a long-standing contentious issue across the globe. According to a recent report published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in 2015, the majority of people in the Northern and Western European countries report positive perceptions towards immigration compared to those of the Southern European countries. However, little is known about how migration affects the well-being of old aged people. The main aim of this study is to examine the association between net migration rates and the subjective and objective well-being of old-aged natives in Europe, using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe during the period of 2004-2017. The estimates will also take place across different regions and across various groups such as gender, age, education level, and first- and second-generation migrants. In addition to the conventional methods, such as the ordinary least squares (OLS) used to analyse the relevant associations, we also apply an instrumental variables (IV) approach to account for possible endogeneity in migration. The results are mixed as we find a positive impact of migration on the subjective well-being and wages of natives and second-generation immigrants in the Northern/Western and Eastern European countries, and a negative impact in the Southern region.Öğe Impact of the EU Blue Card programme on cultural participation and subjective well-being of migrants in Germany(Public Library Science, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Özdamar, ÖznurThe first aim of this study is to investigate the role of the EU Blue Card programme implemented in 2012 in Germany. In particular, we aim to explore the impact on the participation in cultural activities of first-generation non-European Union (EU) and non-European Economic Area (EEA) migrants, such as attendance to cinema, concerts and theatre. The second aim is to examine the impact of cultural activities on subjective well-being (SWB), measured by life satisfaction. We compare the cultural participation and life satisfaction between the treatment group that is the non-EU/EEA first-generation immigrants and the control group that consists, not only of natives and second-generation immigrants but also composes of EU/EEA first-generation immigrants who are not eligible to the programme. We will apply a sharp and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD) within a seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE) system using the Ordered Probit method. The empirical analysis relies on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) survey over the period 2015-2018. The results show that the treated subjects experience an increase in cultural participation activities and an improvement in their SWB, as a result of the EU Blue Card programme, compared to the control group. Participation in classical music performance, opera or theatre influences more the SWB compared to other cultural activities. Policies that promote labour market integration and participation in cultural activities will enable immigrants to integrate into the social norms of the host societies and improve their SWB.Öğe Integration policies in Spain and Sweden: Do they matter for migrants' economic integration and socio-cultural participation?(Sage Publications Inc, 2021) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiThe aim of this study is to explore the impact of integration policies, implemented in Spain and Sweden, on first-generation migrants' economic integration and socio-cultural participation. Different policies targeting migrants' economic and political integration, social inclusion, and cultural participation have been adopted by countries in Europe and across the globe for years. However, little is known about their impact on migrant's economic and socio-cultural integration. We explore the Strategic Plan on Citizenship and Integration (PECI) I in 2007 to 2010 and PECI II in 2011 to 2014 implemented in Spain. For Sweden, we examine the Integration Plans of 2008 and 2014. We apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework. The findings suggest that the integration policies in Spain had a positive effect in some domains of the socio-cultural and economic integration for EU migrants, while a negative impact is found for the non-EU immigrants. On the other hand, the results for the integration in Sweden show a weak effect. Integration policies should identify the barriers of migrants' social inclusion and recognize their needs for their successful economic and socio-cultural integration in the host societies.Öğe Political polarization and administrative court cases: An empirical analysis for Europe(Mülkiye Alumni Association, 2024) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Özdamar, Öznur; Utma, YusufThis study has been written to investigate whether there is a relationship between political polarization and administrative lawsuits. The political polarization index used in this article is calculated based on the votes received by political parties in parliamentary elections. Additionally, how different political polarization indices are calculated will also be explained. Empirical analyses for 16 European countries, covering the years 2008-2019, have found that countries with a high political polarization index also have high levels of administrative lawsuits. Although this does not necessarily prove causality, it implies that administrative lawsuits may be related to political polarizations. The analyses, conducted using various panel data techniques, have found a statistically significant relationship between administrative lawsuits, public expenditures, per capita national income, and political polarizations. In the study, fixed effects method was used to control for time-invariant unit-specific effects, providing more reliable estimates. Additionally, econometric problems such as heteroskedasticity, unit root, and cross-sectional dependence were addressed. The Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects method provides the best estimates considering cross-sectional dependence, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation. According to regression results, a statistically significant relationship has been identified between political polarization and the number of administrative lawsuits; as political polarization increases, so does the number of administrative lawsuits. These findings indicate that political polarization has significant effects at both societal and judicial levels. It is emphasized that this situation negatively affects social costs and trust, and therefore, reducing political polarization is important for enhancing societal welfare. Additionally, no statistical relationship was found between administrative lawsuits and various governance concepts such as legality, accountability, and government effectiveness. A cross-sectional statistical analysis has also been conducted for certain provinces in Turkey. The statistical analyses for Turkey, like those for Europe, have found a statistically significant relationship between administrative lawsuits and political polarizations. The political polarization index has been calculated for provinces with Administrative Courts. In provinces where this index is relatively high, the number of administrative lawsuits per hundred thousand people has also been found to be high.Öğe Political polarization and public sector employment(Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, 2021) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Keyifli, NazlıGovernments need personnel to fulfill their economic and social activities. Thus, it is seen that the government affects the economy through the employment channel. There are many studies in the literature on public sector employment. However, as far as we know, previous studies have not addressed the impact of political polarization on the public sector. This study empirically explores the relationship between public sector employment and political polarization. 22 developed and developing are included in the scope of the study and annual data for the period 2000-2018 were used. Cross-section analysis method was used as statistical analysis. The political polarization variable was obtained from the World Values Survey (WVS) database. The findings obtained from the econometric analysis show that the increase in political polarization has a positive effect on the public sector employment level. In addition, our empirical results indicate that public employment is high in societies with high religious fractionalization. The paper explains the links between variables for these findings.Öğe Politik kutuplaşma ve devletin ekonomik boyutu(2020) Keyifli, Nazlı; Akdede, Sacit HadiBu çalışmada, ekonomik ve politik faktörlerin devletin ekonomik boyutu üzerindeki etkisiampirik olarak incelenmektedir. Politik faktörlerden politik kutuplaşma diğer kontrol değişkenlerlebirlikte ana bağımsız değişkendir. İstatistiksel analiz olarak En Küçük Kareler ve İki Aşamalı EnKüçük Kareler yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına 61 ülke dâhildir ve 1990 ile 2015 yıllarıarasındaki zaman aralığı kullanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçları, politik kutuplaşmanın fazlaolduğu ülkelerde kamu tüketim harcamalarının milli gelir içindeki payının azaldığını göstermektedir.Ek olarak, etnik çeşitlilik, demokrasi ve siyasi ayrışma düzeylerinin artması kamu tüketimharcamalarının milli gelir içindeki payının artması şeklinde bir etki ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışma bubulguların bağlantılarını açıklamaktadır.Öğe Politik kutuplaşma ve gelirin kişisel dağılımı(2020) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Keyifli, NazlıBu çalışmada, politik kutuplaşmanın belirleyicileri ampirik olarak incelenmektedir. Devletin ekonomik büyüklüğü ve gelir dağılımı ve diğer kontrol değişkenleri bağımsız değişkenleri oluşturmaktadır. İstatistiksel analiz olarak EKK ve 2EKK yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına 61 ülke dahildir ve 1990 ile 2015 arasındaki zaman aralığı kullanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçları, gelir eşitsizliğinin artmasının politik kutuplaşmayı arttırdığını gösteriyor. Politik kutuplaşma, Dünya Değerler Araştırması'ndan (WVS) elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu değişken “government responsibility” sorusuna verilen yanıtların standart sapması olarak ölçülür. Ek olarak, bizim ampirik sonuçlarımız hükümet büyüklüğünün artmasının politik kutuplaşmayı azalttığına işaret ediyor. Çalışma bu bulguların bağlantılarını açıklamaktadır.Öğe Politik kutuplaşma ve kamu sektörü istihdamı(2021) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Keyifli, NazlıDevletler ekonomik ve sosyal faaliyetlerini yerine getirebilmek için personele ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar.Böylelikle devletin istihdam kanalıyla ekonomiyi etkilediği görülmektedir. Literatürde kamu sektörüistihdamı üzerine çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Ancak, bildiğimiz kadarıyla önceki çalışmalar kamusektörü üzerinde politik kutuplaşmanın etkisini ele almamıştır. Bu çalışma kamu sektörü istihdamı ilepolitik kutuplaşma arasındaki ilişkiyi ampirik olarak araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamına gelişmiş vegelişmekte olan 22 ülke dâhildir ve çalışmada 2000-2018 dönemi için ilgili değişkenlerin yıllık verilerininortalaması kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz olarak yatay kesit analizi yapılmıştır. Politik kutuplaşmadeğişkeni Dünya Değerler Anketi (WVS) veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Ekonometrik analiz sonucu eldeedilen bulgular, politik kutuplaşmanın yüksek olduğu ülkelerde kamu sektörü istihdam düzeyinin oransalolarak daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ek olarak, ampirik sonuçlarımıza göre dinsel çeşitliliğinyüksek olduğu toplumlarda kamu sektörü istihdamı da oransal olarak daha yüksektir. Çalışma bu bulgularınbağlantılarını açıklamaktadır.Öğe The socio-cultural integration of immigrants in Germany: changes across generations(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiPurposePrevious studies have used language proficiency, citizenship, labour indicators, educational outcomes and political rights as measures of migrants' socio-cultural integration. However, little is known about the migrants' participation in volunteering activities, music concerts, theatrical plays and artistic activities, among others, and how this is compared to the participation of natives, defined as people of German descent and born in Germany. The study aims to investigate and compare the cultural and social involvement between migrants and natives.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis relies on information from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey (GSOEP). Panel data models, in particular, the random-effects ordered Logit model, are utilised because the investigated outcomes are recorded in frequency and are ordered variables. The authors compare the participation in socio-cultural activities among immigrants of the first, second and 2.5 generations.FindingsThe findings indicate that first-generation immigrants are less likely to engage in various socio-cultural activities. However, the 2.5 generation immigrants are more active than the native population, as this generation of immigrants participates more frequently.Social implicationsThe findings highlight the importance of fostering interaction between natives and immigrants in the workplace and the social and cultural realms. Participation in social and cultural activities may increase intercultural awareness and contribute to the eradication of bias and prejudice.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to use a large panel dataset to compare the participation of natives and migrants in various social and cultural activities. In addition, this is the first study to analyse second and 2.5-generation immigrants.Öğe Sociocultural influences on subjective well-being: Evidence from Syrian migrants in Turkey(Florida Gulf Coast University, 2024) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Giovanis, Öznur ÖzdamarWe aim to examine the participation of Syrian migrants in social and cultural activities in Turkey and compare the frequency of participation with Turkish respondents. The second aim is to study the role and influence of participation in social and cultural activities on subjective well-being (SWB). Syrians who read Turkish books and visit museums and historical sites, those who invite or are invited by Turkish friends, and those who have Turkish friends are more likely to experience high SWB than Turkish respondents do. The findings also emphasize the critical role of socioeconomic factors, such as education, wealth, and income, in sociocultural participation. Thus, this study shows that integration and social inclusion should not be attributed solely to immigrants but should also rely on the efforts of the recipient societies since financial constraints and income disparities can potentially make it more difficult for migrants’ sociocultural participation. © 2024, Florida Gulf Coast University. All rights reserved.Öğe Türkiye'de özel tiyatrolara devlet yardımı: Ampirik bir analiz.(Anadolu Univ, 2021) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Özpınar, SanselThe debates about the role of governments or states to increase the production, interest and demand for culture and art have been getting important. Subsidies to private theatres, as an art form which is produced and subsidized by governments in countries like Turkey, are important for the development of cultural sector which is already important and will be more important in the future. This paper makes an overall assessment of government subsidies to private theatre in the 2000s. Turkish State Theatres (DT) and private theaters were analyzed comparatively in terms of number of plays, performances, and trends in the audience. In order to determine the factors that affect the amount of subsidies, a regression analysis is conducted by using the data on the subsidies provided by the General Directorate of Fine Arts to private theaters. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that although private theaters increased both the audience and the number of performances proportionally, they could not increase their share of subsidy from the state.Öğe Türkiye’de özel tiyatrolara devlet yardımı: Ampirik bir analiz(2021) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Özpınar, ŞanselKu?ltu?re ve sanata yo?nelik u?retimin, ilgi ve talebin artmasında devletin rolu?nu?n ne olması gerektig?ine ilis?kin tartıs?malar giderek o?nem kazanmaktadır. Bir sanat formu olarak tiyatronun Tu?rkiye gibi devlet eliyle de sunumunun yapıldıg?ı u?lkelerde o?zel tiyatrolara verilen destekler, gu?nu?mu?zde o?nemini artıran ve gelecekte daha da o?nem kazanacak olan ku?ltu?r sekto?ru?nu?n gelis?imi ac?ısından bu?yu?k o?neme sahiptir. Bu c?alıs?mada, Tu?rkiye’de o?zel tiyatrolara yapılan devlet yardımlarına ilis?kin 2000’li yıllar ic?in genel bir deg?erlendirme yapılmıs?tır. Konu ele alınırken, Devlet Tiyatroları (DT) ve o?zel tiyatroların kars?ılas?tırmalı bir s?ekilde analiz edilmesine o?nem verilmis?tir. Bu kars?ılas?tırmada; “oyun sayıları”, “temsil ve seyirci sayıları” gibi istatistikler kullanılmıs?tır. C?alıs?mada Gu?zel Sanatlar Genel Mu?du?rlu?g?u?’nu?n o?zel tiyatrolara yaptıg?ı yardımlara ilis?kin veriler kullanılarak, yardım miktarlarını etkileyen fakto?rlerin neler olabileceg?ini belirlemeye yo?nelik regresyon analizi yapılmıs?tır. Regresyon analizi sonucunda, Tu?rkiye’de o?zel tiyatroların hem seyircilerini hem de temsil sayılarını oransal olarak artırmıs? olmalarına kars?ın, devletten aldıkları mali destek veya su?bvansiyon miktarını artıramadıkları bulgusuna ulas?ılmıs?tır.Öğe Well-being of old natives and immigrants in Europe: does the socio-cultural integration matter?(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2022) Giovanis, Eleftherios; Akdede, Sacit HadiThe first aim of the study is to explore the determinants of socio-cultural integration and to compare the degree of this integration between natives and immigrants. The second aim is to examine the relationship between socio-cultural integration and the subjective well-being (SWB) of both natives and migrant populations. We use panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe across the period 2004-2017 in 29 countries. We apply seemingly unrelated regressions (SURE) to explore the simultaneous relationship between socio-cultural integration and well-being. We consider first and second-generation immigrants and also immigrants from different countries of origin. Our findings suggest that first-generation immigrants are less likely to participate in the socio-cultural activities explored. However, those who are engaged in those activities, participate more frequently than natives. Furthermore, even though immigrants report lower levels of SWB, the latter is significantly enhanced with socio-cultural integration.Öğe Women’s cultural attendance in İstanbul: Why so low?(Bridgewater State College, 2021) Akdede, Sacit Hadi; Ateca-Amestoy, V.This paper investigates the possible determinants of attendance at cultural and artistic events in Istanbul, Turkey, which was designated one of Europe’s cultural capitals in 2010. The unique data set used in this study was drawn from a representative sample of households in Istanbul by selecting one individual over the age of 18 from each household for interview. A professional research company in Istanbul used clustered random sampling to collect information from 100 main and 100 substitute clusters from the Istanbul area. Zero-inflated negative binomial methodology was used to analyze the determinants of attendance at different cultural events in Istanbul. In the regression analysis, we grouped all cultural activities into two categories for the dependent variables: “cultural heritage” and “performing arts and cinema”. The performing arts and cinema category comprised six activities (theatre, cinema, opera-ballet-modern dance, classical music concerts, rock-pop-jazz concerts, classical Turkish folk arabesque concerts) while other activities were included in the cultural heritage category. We found very similar results to previous studies regarding many determinants of cultural attendance. Contrary to most previous results, however, which are derived from representative samples from Western countries, we found strong negative gender effects and differences in female cultural participation depending on the type of activity. Gender determinants of cultural participation have been addressed in two main ways: as one more variable in the “mixed factors” category or as a manifestation of gender roles and social norms. Other things being equal, being a woman increases the probability of never having participated in more social cultural events (the going-out dimension of cultural attendance). We therefore recommend policies to empower women’s participation in and sharing of cultural activities. © 2021. Journal of International Women’s Studies.
